diff Perl/bp_genbank2gff3.pl @ 3:e42d30da7a74 draft

Uploaded
author dereeper
date Thu, 30 May 2024 11:52:25 +0000
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--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/Perl/bp_genbank2gff3.pl	Thu May 30 11:52:25 2024 +0000
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+#!/opt/anaconda1anaconda2anaconda3/bin/perl 
+
+eval 'exec /opt/anaconda1anaconda2anaconda3/bin/perl  -S $0 ${1+"$@"}'
+    if 0; # not running under some shell
+
+
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME 
+
+bp_genbank2gff3.pl -- Genbank-E<gt>gbrowse-friendly GFF3
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+  bp_genbank2gff3.pl [options] filename(s)
+
+  # process a directory containing GenBank flatfiles
+  perl bp_genbank2gff3.pl --dir path_to_files --zip
+
+  # process a single file, ignore explicit exons and introns
+  perl bp_genbank2gff3.pl --filter exon --filter intron file.gbk.gz
+
+  # process a list of files 
+  perl bp_genbank2gff3.pl *gbk.gz
+
+  # process data from URL, with Chado GFF model (-noCDS), and pipe to database loader
+  curl ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genomes/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae/CHR_X/NC_001142.gbk \
+  | perl bp_genbank2gff3.pl -noCDS -in stdin -out stdout \
+  | perl gmod_bulk_load_gff3.pl -dbname mychado -organism fromdata
+
+    Options:
+        --noinfer  -r  don't infer exon/mRNA subfeatures
+        --conf     -i  path to the curation configuration file that contains user preferences
+                       for Genbank entries (must be YAML format)
+                       (if --manual is passed without --ini, user will be prompted to 
+                        create the file if any manual input is saved)
+        --sofile  -l  path to to the so.obo file to use for feature type mapping
+                       (--sofile live will download the latest online revision)
+        --manual   -m  when trying to guess the proper SO term, if more than
+                       one option matches the primary tag, the converter will 
+                       wait for user input to choose the correct one
+                       (only works with --sofile)
+        --dir      -d  path to a list of genbank flatfiles
+        --outdir   -o  location to write GFF files (can be 'stdout' or '-' for pipe)
+        --zip      -z  compress GFF3 output files with gzip
+        --summary  -s  print a summary of the features in each contig
+        --filter   -x  genbank feature type(s) to ignore
+        --split    -y  split output to separate GFF and fasta files for
+                       each genbank record
+        --nolump   -n  separate file for each reference sequence
+                       (default is to lump all records together into one 
+                       output file for each input file)
+        --ethresh  -e  error threshold for unflattener
+                       set this high (>2) to ignore all unflattener errors
+        --[no]CDS  -c  Keep CDS-exons, or convert to alternate gene-RNA-protein-exon 
+                       model. --CDS is default. Use --CDS to keep default GFF gene model, 
+                       use --noCDS to convert to g-r-p-e.
+        --format   -f  Input format (SeqIO types): GenBank, Swiss or Uniprot, EMBL work
+                       (GenBank is default)
+        --GFF_VERSION  3 is default, 2 and 2.5 and other Bio::Tools::GFF versions available
+        --quiet        don't talk about what is being processed 
+        --typesource   SO sequence type for source (e.g. chromosome; region; contig)
+        --help     -h  display this message
+
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This script uses Bio::SeqFeature::Tools::Unflattener and
+Bio::Tools::GFF to convert GenBank flatfiles to GFF3 with gene
+containment hierarchies mapped for optimal display in gbrowse.
+
+The input files are assumed to be gzipped GenBank flatfiles for refseq
+contigs.  The files may contain multiple GenBank records.  Either a
+single file or an entire directory can be processed.  By default, the
+DNA sequence is embedded in the GFF but it can be saved into separate
+fasta file with the --split(-y) option.
+
+If an input file contains multiple records, the default behaviour is
+to dump all GFF and sequence to a file of the same name (with .gff
+appended).  Using the 'nolump' option will create a separate file for
+each genbank record.  Using the 'split' option will create separate
+GFF and Fasta files for each genbank record.
+
+
+=head2 Notes
+
+=head3 'split' and 'nolump' produce many files
+
+In cases where the input files contain many GenBank records (for
+example, the chromosome files for the mouse genome build), a very
+large number of output files will be produced if the 'split' or
+'nolump' options are selected.  If you do have lists of files E<gt> 6000,
+use the --long_list option in bp_bulk_load_gff.pl or
+bp_fast_load_gff.pl to load the gff and/ or fasta files.
+
+=head3 Designed for RefSeq
+
+This script is designed for RefSeq genomic sequence entries.  It may
+work for third party annotations but this has not been tested.
+But see below, Uniprot/Swissprot works, EMBL and possibly EMBL/Ensembl
+if you don't mind some gene model unflattener errors (dgg).
+
+=head3 G-R-P-E Gene Model
+
+Don Gilbert worked this over with needs to produce GFF3 suited to
+loading to GMOD Chado databases.  Most of the changes I believe are
+suited for general use.  One main chado-specific addition is the
+  --[no]cds2protein  flag
+
+My favorite GFF is to set the above as ON by default (disable with --nocds2prot)
+For general use it probably should be OFF, enabled with --cds2prot.
+
+This writes GFF with an alternate, but useful Gene model,
+instead of the consensus model for GFF3 
+
+  [ gene > mRNA> (exon,CDS,UTR) ]
+
+This alternate is
+
+  gene > mRNA > polypeptide > exon 
+
+means the only feature with dna bases is the exon.  The others
+specify only location ranges on a genome.  Exon of course is a child
+of mRNA and protein/peptide.   
+
+The protein/polypeptide feature is an important one, having all the
+annotations of the GenBank CDS feature, protein ID, translation, GO
+terms, Dbxrefs to other proteins.
+
+UTRs, introns, CDS-exons are all inferred from the primary exon bases
+inside/outside appropriate higher feature ranges.   Other special gene
+model features remain the same.
+
+Several other improvements and bugfixes, minor but useful are included
+
+  * IO pipes now work:
+    curl ftp://ncbigenomes/... | bp_genbank2gff3 --in stdin --out stdout | gff2chado ...
+
+  * GenBank main record fields are added to source feature, e.g. organism, date,
+    and the sourcetype, commonly chromosome for  genomes, is used.
+
+  * Gene Model handling for ncRNA, pseudogenes are added.
+
+  * GFF header is cleaner, more informative.
+    --GFF_VERSION flag allows choice of v2 as well as default v3
+
+  * GFF ##FASTA inclusion is improved, and
+    CDS translation sequence is moved to FASTA records.
+
+  * FT -> GFF attribute mapping is improved.
+
+  * --format choice of SeqIO input formats (GenBank default). 
+    Uniprot/Swissprot and EMBL work and produce useful GFF.
+
+  * SeqFeature::Tools::TypeMapper has a few FT -> SOFA additions
+      and more flexible usage.
+
+=head1 TODO
+
+=head2 Are these additions desired?
+
+ * filter input records by taxon (e.g. keep only organism=xxx or taxa level = classYYY
+ * handle Entrezgene, other non-sequence SeqIO structures (really should change
+    those parsers to produce consistent annotation tags).
+
+=head2 Related bugfixes/tests
+
+These items from Bioperl mail were tested (sample data generating
+errors), and found corrected:
+
+ From: Ed Green <green <at> eva.mpg.de>
+ Subject: genbank2gff3.pl on new human RefSeq
+ Date: 2006-03-13 21:22:26 GMT 
+   -- unspecified errors (sample data works now).
+
+ From: Eric Just <e-just <at> northwestern.edu>
+ Subject: genbank2gff3.pl
+ Date: 2007-01-26 17:08:49 GMT
+   -- bug fixed in genbank2gff3 for multi-record handling
+
+This error is for a /trans_splice gene that is hard to handle, and
+unflattner/genbank2 doesn't
+
+ From: Chad Matsalla <chad <at> dieselwurks.com> 
+ Subject: genbank2gff3.PLS and the unflatenner - Inconsistent order?
+ Date: 2005-07-15 19:51:48 GMT 
+
+=head1 AUTHOR 
+
+Sheldon McKay (mckays@cshl.edu)
+
+Copyright (c) 2004 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
+
+=head2 AUTHOR of hacks for GFF2Chado loading
+
+Don Gilbert (gilbertd@indiana.edu)
+
+
+=cut
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+
+use lib "$ENV{HOME}/bioperl-live";
+# chad put this here to enable situations when this script is tested
+# against bioperl compiled into blib along with other programs using blib
+BEGIN {
+        unshift(@INC,'blib/lib');
+};
+use Pod::Usage;
+use Bio::Root::RootI;
+use Bio::SeqIO;
+use File::Spec;
+use Bio::SeqFeature::Tools::Unflattener;
+use Bio::SeqFeature::Tools::TypeMapper;
+use Bio::SeqFeature::Tools::IDHandler;
+use Bio::Location::SplitLocationI;
+use Bio::Location::Simple;
+use Bio::Tools::GFF;
+use Getopt::Long;
+use List::Util qw(first);
+use Bio::OntologyIO;
+use YAML qw(Dump LoadFile DumpFile);
+use File::Basename; 
+
+use vars qw/$split @filter $zip $outdir $help $ethresh
+            $ONTOLOGY %FEATURES %DESCENDANTS @RETURN $MANUAL @GFF_LINE_FEAT
+            $CONF $YAML $TYPE_MAP $SYN_MAP $noinfer $SO_FILE 
+            $file @files $dir $summary $nolump 
+            $source_type %proteinfa %exonpar $didheader $verbose $DEBUG $GFF_VERSION 
+            $gene_id $rna_id $tnum $ncrna_id $rnum %method %id %seen/;
+
+use constant SO_URL => 
+    'http://song.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/song/ontology/so.obo';
+use constant ALPHABET => [qw(a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z)];
+use constant ALPHABET_TO_NUMBER => {
+    a => 0, b => 1, c => 2, d => 3, e => 4, f => 5, g => 6, h => 7, i => 8, 
+    j => 9, k => 10, l => 11, m => 12, n => 13, o => 14, p => 15, q => 16,
+    r => 17, s => 18, t => 19, u => 20, v => 21, w => 22, x => 23, y => 24,
+    z => 25,
+    };
+use constant ALPHABET_DIVISOR => 26;
+use constant GM_NEW_TOPLEVEL => 2;
+use constant GM_NEW_PART => 1;
+use constant GM_DUP_PART => 0;
+use constant GM_NOT_PART => -1;
+
+# Options cycle in multiples of 2 because of left side/right side pairing. 
+# You can make this number odd, but displayed matches will still round up
+use constant OPTION_CYCLE => 6; 
+
+$GFF_VERSION = 3; # allow v2 ...
+$verbose = 1; # right default? -nov to turn off
+
+# dgg: change the gene model to  Gene/mRNA/Polypeptide/exons...
+my $CDSkeep= 1; # default should be ON (prior behavior), see gene_features()
+my $PROTEIN_TYPE = 'polypeptide'; # for noCDSkeep; 
+  # protein = flybase chado usage; GMOD Perls use 'polypeptide' with software support
+
+my $FORMAT="GenBank"; # swiss ; embl; genbank ; ** guess from SOURCEID **
+my $SOURCEID= $FORMAT; # "UniProt" "GenBank"  "EMBL" should work  
+   # other Bio::SeqIO formats may work.  TEST: EntrezGene < problematic tags; InterPro  KEGG 
+
+
+my %TAG_MAP = (
+  db_xref => 'Dbxref',
+  name => 'Name',
+  note => 'Note', # also pull GO: ids into Ontology_term
+  synonym => 'Alias',
+  symbol => 'Alias',  # is symbol still used?
+  # protein_id => 'Dbxref', also seen Dbxref tags: EC_number 
+  # translation: handled in gene_features
+);
+
+
+$| = 1;
+my $quiet= !$verbose;
+my $ok= GetOptions( 'd|dir|input:s'   => \$dir,
+            'z|zip'     => \$zip, 
+            'h|help'    => \$help,
+            's|summary' => \$summary,
+            'r|noinfer' => \$noinfer,
+            'i|conf=s' => \$CONF,
+            'sofile=s' => \$SO_FILE,
+            'm|manual' => \$MANUAL,
+            'o|outdir|output:s'=> \$outdir,
+            'x|filter:s'=> \@filter,
+            'y|split'   => \$split,
+            "ethresh|e=s"=>\$ethresh,
+            'c|CDS!'    => \$CDSkeep,
+            'f|format=s' => \$FORMAT,
+            'typesource=s' => \$source_type,
+            'GFF_VERSION=s' => \$GFF_VERSION,
+            'quiet!'    => \$quiet, # swap quiet to verbose
+            'DEBUG!'    => \$DEBUG,
+            'n|nolump'  => \$nolump);
+
+my $lump = 1 unless $nolump || $split;
+$verbose= !$quiet;
+
+# look for help request
+pod2usage(2) if $help || !$ok;
+
+# keep SOURCEID as-is and change FORMAT for SeqIO types; 
+# note SeqIO uses file.suffix to guess type; not useful here
+$SOURCEID= $FORMAT; 
+$FORMAT  = "swiss" if $FORMAT =~/UniProt|trembl/;
+$verbose =1 if($DEBUG);
+
+# initialize handlers
+my $unflattener = Bio::SeqFeature::Tools::Unflattener->new; # for ensembl genomes (-trust_grouptag=>1);
+$unflattener->error_threshold($ethresh) if $ethresh;
+$unflattener->verbose(1) if($DEBUG);
+# $unflattener->group_tag('gene') if($FORMAT =~ /embl/i) ; #? ensembl only? 
+# ensembl parsing is still problematic, forget this
+
+my $tm  = Bio::SeqFeature::Tools::TypeMapper->new;
+my $idh = Bio::SeqFeature::Tools::IDHandler->new;
+
+# dgg
+$source_type ||= "region"; # should really parse from FT.source contents below
+
+#my $FTSOmap = $tm->FT_SO_map();
+my $FTSOmap;
+my $FTSOsynonyms;
+
+if (defined($SO_FILE) && $SO_FILE eq 'live') {
+    print "\nDownloading the latest SO file from ".SO_URL."\n\n";
+    use LWP::UserAgent;
+    my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new(timeout => 30);
+    my $request = HTTP::Request->new(GET => SO_URL);
+    my $response = $ua->request($request);
+
+
+    if ($response->status_line =~ /200/) {
+        use File::Temp qw/ tempfile /;
+        my ($fh, $fn) = tempfile();
+        print $fh $response->content;
+        $SO_FILE = $fn;
+    } else {
+        print "Couldn't download SO file online...skipping validation.\n" 
+            . "HTTP Status was " . $response->status_line . "\n" 
+            and undef $SO_FILE
+    }
+}
+
+if ($SO_FILE) {
+
+
+    my (%terms, %syn);
+
+    my $parser = Bio::OntologyIO->new( -format => "obo", -file => $SO_FILE );
+    $ONTOLOGY = $parser->next_ontology();
+
+    for ($ONTOLOGY->get_all_terms) { 
+        my $feat = $_;
+
+        $terms{$feat->name} = $feat->name;
+        #$terms{$feat->name} = $feat;
+
+        my @syn = $_->each_synonym;
+
+        push @{$syn{$_}}, $feat->name for @syn;
+        #push @{$syn{$_}}, $feat for @syn;
+    }
+
+    $FTSOmap = \%terms;
+    $FTSOsynonyms = \%syn;
+
+    my %hardTerms = %{ $tm->FT_SO_map() };
+    map { $FTSOmap->{$_} ||= $hardTerms{$_} } keys %hardTerms;
+
+} else { 
+    my %terms = %{ $tm->FT_SO_map() };
+    while (my ($k,$v) = each %terms) {
+        $FTSOmap->{$k} = ref($v) ? shift @$v : $v;
+    }
+}
+
+$TYPE_MAP = $FTSOmap;
+$SYN_MAP = $FTSOsynonyms;
+
+
+# #convert $FTSOmap undefined to valid SO : moved to TypeMapper->map_types( -undefined => "region")
+
+# stringify filter list if applicable
+my $filter = join ' ', @filter  if @filter;
+
+# determine input files
+my $stdin=0; # dgg: let dir == stdin == '-' for pipe use
+if ($dir && ($dir eq '-' || $dir eq 'stdin')) {
+  $stdin=1;  $dir=''; @files=('stdin');
+  
+} elsif ( $dir ) {
+    if ( -d $dir ) {
+        opendir DIR, $dir or die "could not open $dir for reading: $!";
+        @files = map { "$dir/$_";} grep { /\.gb.*/ } readdir DIR;  
+        closedir DIR;
+    }
+    else {
+        die "$dir is not a directory\n";
+    }
+}
+else {
+    @files = @ARGV;
+    $dir = '';
+}
+
+# we should have some files by now
+pod2usage(2) unless @files;
+
+
+my $stdout=0; # dgg: let outdir == stdout == '-' for pipe use
+if($outdir && ($outdir eq '-' || $outdir eq 'stdout')) {
+  warn("std. output chosen: cannot split\n") if($split);
+  warn("std. output chosen: cannot zip\n") if($zip);
+  warn("std. output chosen: cannot nolump\n") if($nolump);
+  $stdout=1; $lump=1; $split= 0; $zip= 0; # unless we pipe stdout thru gzip
+  
+} elsif ( $outdir && !-e $outdir ) {
+    mkdir($outdir) or die "could not create directory $outdir: $!\n";        
+}
+elsif ( !$outdir ) {
+    $outdir = $dir || '.';
+}
+
+for my $file ( @files ) {
+    # dgg ; allow 'stdin' / '-' input ?
+    chomp $file;
+    die "$! $file" unless($stdin || -e $file);
+    print "# Input: $file\n" if($verbose);
+
+    my ($lump_fh, $lumpfa_fh, $outfile, $outfa);
+    if ($stdout) {
+      $lump_fh= *STDOUT; $lump="stdout$$";
+      $outfa= "stdout$$.fa";  # this is a temp file ... see below
+      open $lumpfa_fh, ">$outfa" or die "Could not create a lump outfile called ($outfa) because ($!)\n";
+
+    } elsif ( $lump ) {
+        my ($vol,$dirs,$fileonly) = File::Spec->splitpath($file); 
+        $lump = File::Spec->catfile($outdir, $fileonly.'.gff');
+        ($outfa = $lump) =~ s/\.gff/\.fa/;
+        open $lump_fh, ">$lump" or die "Could not create a lump outfile called ($lump) because ($!)\n";
+        open $lumpfa_fh, ">$outfa" or die "Could not create a lump outfile called ($outfa) because ($!)\n";
+
+    }
+    
+    # open input file, unzip if req'd
+    if ($stdin) {
+       *FH = *STDIN;
+    } elsif ( $file =~ /\.gz/ ) {
+        open FH, "gunzip -c $file |";
+    }
+    else {
+        open FH, '<', $file;
+    }
+
+    my $in = Bio::SeqIO->new(-fh => \*FH, -format => $FORMAT, -debug=>$DEBUG);
+    my $gffio = Bio::Tools::GFF->new( -noparse => 1, -gff_version => $GFF_VERSION );
+
+    while ( my $seq = $in->next_seq() ) {
+        my $seq_name = $seq->accession_number;
+        my $end = $seq->length;
+        my @to_print;
+
+        # arrange disposition of GFF output
+        $outfile = $lump || File::Spec->catfile($outdir, $seq_name.'.gff');
+        my $out;
+
+        if ( $lump ) {
+            $outfile = $lump;
+            $out = $lump_fh;
+        }
+        else {
+            $outfile = File::Spec->catfile($outdir, $seq_name.'.gff');
+            open $out, ">$outfile";
+        }
+
+        # filter out unwanted features
+        my $source_feat= undef;
+        my @source= filter($seq); $source_feat= $source[0];
+
+        ($source_type,$source_feat)= 
+          getSourceInfo( $seq, $source_type, $source_feat ) ;
+          # always; here we build main prot $source_feat; # if @source;
+          
+        # abort if there are no features
+        warn "$seq_name has no features, skipping\n" and next
+            if !$seq->all_SeqFeatures;
+
+
+        $FTSOmap->{'source'} = $source_type;
+        ## $FTSOmap->{'CDS'}= $PROTEIN_TYPE; # handle this in gene_features
+
+        # construct a GFF header
+        # add: get source_type from attributes of source feature? chromosome=X tag
+        # also combine 1st ft line here with source ft from $seq ..
+        my($header,$info)= gff_header($seq_name, $end, $source_type, $source_feat);
+        print $out $header;
+        print "# working on $info\n" if($verbose);
+        
+        # unflatten gene graphs, apply SO types, etc; this also does TypeMapper ..
+        unflatten_seq($seq);
+
+        # Note that we use our own get_all_SeqFeatures function 
+        # to rescue cloned exons
+
+        @GFF_LINE_FEAT = ();
+        for my $feature ( get_all_SeqFeatures($seq) ) {
+            
+            my $method = $feature->primary_tag;
+            next if($SOURCEID =~/UniProt|swiss|trembl/i && $method ne $source_type);
+            
+            $feature->seq_id($seq->id) unless($feature->seq_id);
+            $feature->source_tag($SOURCEID);
+            
+            # dgg; need to convert some Genbank to GFF tags: note->Note; db_xref->Dbxref;
+            ## also, pull any GO:000 ids from /note tag and put into Ontology_term
+            maptags2gff($feature);
+            
+            # current gene name.  The unflattened gene features should be in order so any
+            # exons, CDSs, etc that follow will belong to this gene
+            my $gene_name;
+            if ( $method eq 'gene' || $method eq 'pseudogene' ) {
+              @to_print= print_held($out, $gffio, \@to_print);
+              $gene_id = $gene_name= gene_name($feature); 
+            } else {
+              $gene_name= gene_name($feature);
+            }
+        
+            #?? should gene_name from /locus_tag,/gene,/product,/transposon=xxx
+            # be converted to or added as  Name=xxx (if not ID= or as well)
+            ## problematic: convert_to_name ($feature); # drops /locus_tag,/gene, tags
+            convert_to_name($feature); 
+            
+            ## dgg: extended to protein|polypeptide
+            ## this test ($feature->has_tag('gene') ||) is not good: repeat_regions over genes
+            ## in yeast have that genbank tag; why?
+            ## these include pseudogene ...
+            
+            ## Note we also have mapped types to SO, so these RNA's are now transcripts:
+            # pseudomRNA => "pseudogenic_transcript", 
+            # pseudotranscript" => "pseudogenic_transcript", 
+            # misc_RNA=>'processed_transcript',
+
+            warn "#at: $method $gene_id/$gene_name\n" if $DEBUG;
+
+            if ( $method =~ /(gene|RNA|CDS|exon|UTR|protein|polypeptide|transcript)/ 
+               || ( $gene_id && $gene_name eq $gene_id ) ) {
+               
+                my $action = gene_features($feature, $gene_id, $gene_name);  # -1, 0, 1, 2 result
+                if ($action == GM_DUP_PART) {
+                  # ignore, this is dupl. exon with new parent ...
+                  
+                } elsif ($action == GM_NOT_PART) {
+                  add_generic_id( $feature, $gene_name, "nocount");
+                  my $gff = $gffio->gff_string($feature);
+                  push @GFF_LINE_FEAT, $feature;
+                  #print $out "$gff\n" if $gff;
+
+                } elsif ($action > 0) {
+                 # hold off print because exon etc. may get 2nd, 3rd parents
+                  @to_print= print_held($out, $gffio, \@to_print) if ($action == GM_NEW_TOPLEVEL);
+                  push(@to_print, $feature);
+                }
+
+            }
+            
+            # otherwise handle as generic feats with IDHandler labels 
+            else {
+                add_generic_id( $feature, $gene_name, "");
+                my $gff= $gffio->gff_string($feature);
+                push @GFF_LINE_FEAT, $feature;
+                #print $out "$gff\n" if $gff;
+            }
+        }
+
+        # don't like doing this after others; do after each new gene id?
+        @to_print= print_held($out, $gffio, \@to_print);
+
+        gff_validate(@GFF_LINE_FEAT);
+
+        for my $feature (@GFF_LINE_FEAT) {
+            my $gff= $gffio->gff_string($feature);
+            print $out "$gff\n" if $gff;
+        }
+
+        # deal with the corresponding DNA
+        my ($fa_out,$fa_outfile);
+        my $dna = $seq->seq;
+        if($dna || %proteinfa) {
+          $method{'RESIDUES'} += length($dna);
+          $dna    =~ s/(\S{60})/$1\n/g;
+          $dna   .= "\n";
+          
+          if ($split) {
+              $fa_outfile = $outfile;
+              $fa_outfile =~ s/gff$/fa/;
+              open $fa_out, ">$fa_outfile" or die $!; 
+              print $fa_out ">$seq_name\n$dna" if $dna;
+              foreach my $aid (sort keys %proteinfa) { 
+                my $aa= delete $proteinfa{$aid}; 
+                $method{'RESIDUES(tr)'} += length($aa);
+                $aa =~ s/(\S{60})/$1\n/g; 
+                print $fa_out ">$aid\n$aa\n"; 
+                }
+               
+          }
+          else {
+          ## problem here when multiple GB Seqs in one file; all FASTA needs to go at end of $out
+          ## see e.g. Mouse: mm_ref_chr19.gbk has NT_082868 and NT_039687 parts in one .gbk
+          ## maybe write this to temp .fa then cat to end of lumped gff $out
+              print $lumpfa_fh ">$seq_name\n$dna" if $dna;
+              foreach my $aid (sort keys %proteinfa) { 
+                my $aa= delete $proteinfa{$aid}; 
+                $method{'RESIDUES(tr)'} += length($aa);
+                $aa =~ s/(\S{60})/$1\n/g; 
+                print $lumpfa_fh ">$aid\n$aa\n"; 
+                }
+          }
+          
+        %proteinfa=();
+        }
+     
+        if ( $zip && !$lump ) {
+            system "gzip -f $outfile";
+            system "gzip -f $fa_outfile" if($fa_outfile);
+            $outfile .= '.gz';
+            $fa_outfile .= '.gz' if $split;
+        }
+
+        # print "\n>EOF\n" if($stdout); #?? need this if summary goes to stdout after FASTA
+        print "# GFF3 saved to $outfile" unless( !$verbose || $stdout || $lump);
+        print ($split ? "; DNA saved to $fa_outfile\n" : "\n") unless($stdout|| $lump);
+        
+        # dgg: moved to after all inputs; here it prints cumulative sum for each record
+        #if ( $summary ) {
+        #      print "# Summary:\n# Feature\tCount\n# -------\t-----\n";
+        #  
+        #      for ( keys %method ) {
+        #          print "# $_  $method{$_}\n";
+        #      }
+        #      print "# \n";
+        #  }       
+    
+    }
+
+    print "# GFF3 saved to $outfile\n" if( $verbose && $lump);
+    if ( $summary ) {
+        print "# Summary:\n# Feature\tCount\n# -------\t-----\n";
+        for ( keys %method ) {
+            print "# $_  $method{$_}\n";
+        }
+        print "# \n";
+    }
+    
+    ## FIXME for piped output w/ split FA files ...
+    close($lumpfa_fh) if $lumpfa_fh;
+    if (!$split && $outfa && $lump_fh) {     
+        print $lump_fh "##FASTA\n"; # GFF3 spec
+        open $lumpfa_fh, $outfa or warn "reading FA $outfa: $!";
+        while( <$lumpfa_fh>) {
+            print $lump_fh $_;
+        } # is $lump_fh still open?
+        close($lumpfa_fh);
+        unlink($outfa);
+    }
+        
+
+    if ( $zip && $lump ) {
+        system "gzip -f $lump";
+    }
+    
+    close FH;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+sub typeorder {
+  return 1 if ($_[0] =~ /gene/);
+  return 2 if ($_[0] =~ /RNA|transcript/);
+  return 3 if ($_[0] =~ /protein|peptide/);
+  return 4 if ($_[0] =~ /exon|CDS/);
+  return 3; # default before exon (smallest part)
+}
+
+sub sort_by_feattype {
+  my($at,$bt)= ($a->primary_tag, $b->primary_tag);
+  return (typeorder($at) <=> typeorder($bt))  
+    or ($at cmp $bt);
+    ## or ($a->name() cmp $b->name());
+}
+
+sub print_held {  
+  my($out,$gffio,$to_print)= @_;
+  return unless(@$to_print);
+  @$to_print = sort sort_by_feattype  @$to_print; # put exons after mRNA, otherwise chado loader chokes
+  while ( my $feature = shift @$to_print) {
+    my $gff= $gffio->gff_string($feature); # $gff =~ s/\'/./g; # dang bug in encode
+    push @GFF_LINE_FEAT, $feature;
+    #print $out "$gff\n";
+    }
+  return (); # @to_print
+}
+
+sub maptags2gff {
+  my $f = shift;
+  ## should copy/move locus_tag to Alias, if not ID/Name/Alias already
+  # but see below /gene /locus_tag usage
+  foreach my $tag (keys %TAG_MAP) {
+    if ($f->has_tag($tag)) {
+      my $newtag= $TAG_MAP{$tag};
+      my @v= $f->get_tag_values($tag);
+      $f->remove_tag($tag);
+      $f->add_tag_value($newtag,@v);
+      
+      ## also, pull any GO:000 ids from /note tag and put into Ontology_term
+      ## ncbi syntax in CDS /note is now '[goid GO:0005886]' OR '[goid 0005624]'
+      if ($tag eq 'note') {  
+        map { s/\[goid (\d+)/\[goid GO:$1/g; } @v; 
+        my @go= map { m/(GO:\d+)/g } @v; 
+        $f->add_tag_value('Ontology_term',@go) if(@go);
+        }
+      
+      }
+    }    
+}
+
+
+sub getSourceInfo {
+  my ($seq, $source_type, $sf) = @_;  
+  
+  my $is_swiss= ($SOURCEID =~/UniProt|swiss|trembl/i);
+  my $is_gene = ($SOURCEID =~/entrezgene/i);
+  my $is_rich = (ref($seq) =~ /RichSeq/);
+  my $seq_name= $seq->accession_number();
+  
+  unless($sf) { # make one
+    $source_type=  $is_swiss ? $PROTEIN_TYPE 
+        : $is_gene ? "eneg" # "gene"  # "region" # 
+        : $is_rich ? $seq->molecule : $source_type;
+    $sf = Bio::SeqFeature::Generic->direct_new();
+    
+    my $len = $seq->length(); $len=1 if($len<1); my $start = 1; ##$start= $len if ($len<1);
+    my $loc= $seq->can('location') ? $seq->location() 
+            :  new Bio::Location::Simple( -start => $start, -end => $len);
+    $sf->location( $loc ); 
+    $sf->primary_tag($source_type);
+    $sf->source_tag($SOURCEID);
+    $sf->seq_id( $seq_name);
+    #? $sf->display_name($seq->id()); ## Name or Alias ?
+    $sf->add_tag_value( Alias => $seq->id()); # unless id == accession
+    $seq->add_SeqFeature($sf);
+    ## $source_feat= $sf;
+  }
+  
+  if ($sf->has_tag("chromosome")) {
+    $source_type= "chromosome"; 
+    my ($chrname) = $sf->get_tag_values("chromosome");
+    ## PROBLEM with Name <> ID, RefName for Gbrowse; use Alias instead
+    ## e.g. Mouse chr 19 has two IDs in NCBI genbank now
+    $sf->add_tag_value( Alias => $chrname );
+  }
+
+  # pull GB Comment, Description for source ft ...
+  # add reference - can be long, not plain string...             
+  warn "# $SOURCEID:$seq_name fields = ", join(",", $seq->annotation->get_all_annotation_keys()),"\n" if $DEBUG;
+  # GenBank   fields: keyword,comment,reference,date_changed
+  # Entrezgene fields 850293 =ALIAS_SYMBOL,RefSeq status,chromosome,SGD,dblink,Entrez Gene Status,OntologyTerm,LOCUS_SYNONYM
+
+  # is this just for main $seq object or for all seqfeatures ?
+  my %AnnotTagMap= ( 
+      'gene_name' => 'Alias',   
+      'ALIAS_SYMBOL' => 'Alias',  # Entrezgene
+      'LOCUS_SYNONYM' => 'Alias', #?
+      'symbol' => 'Alias',   
+      'synonym' => 'Alias',   
+      'dblink' => 'Dbxref',   
+      'product' => 'product',
+      'Reference' => 'reference',
+      'OntologyTerm' => 'Ontology_term',
+      'comment'  => 'Note',
+      'comment1' => 'Note',
+      # various map-type locations
+      # gene accession tag is named per source db !??
+      # 'Index terms' => keywords ??
+      );
+  
+  
+  my ($desc)= $seq->annotation->get_Annotations("desc") || ( $seq->desc() );
+  my ($date)= $seq->annotation->get_Annotations("dates") 
+      || $seq->annotation->get_Annotations("update-date")
+      || $is_rich ? $seq->get_dates() : ();
+  my ($comment)= $seq->annotation->get_Annotations("comment");
+  my ($species)= $seq->annotation->get_Annotations("species");
+  if (!$species 
+       && $seq->can('species') 
+       && defined $seq->species() 
+       && $seq->species()->can('binomial') ) {
+    $species= $seq->species()->binomial();
+  }
+
+  # update source feature with main GB fields
+  $sf->add_tag_value( ID => $seq_name ) unless $sf->has_tag('ID');
+  $sf->add_tag_value( Note => $desc ) if($desc && ! $sf->has_tag('Note'));
+  $sf->add_tag_value( organism => $species ) if($species && ! $sf->has_tag('organism'));
+  $sf->add_tag_value( comment1 => $comment ) if(!$is_swiss && $comment && ! $sf->has_tag('comment1'));
+  $sf->add_tag_value( date => $date ) if($date && ! $sf->has_tag('date'));
+
+  $sf->add_tag_value( Dbxref => $SOURCEID.':'.$seq_name ) if $is_swiss || $is_gene;
+
+  foreach my $atag (sort keys %AnnotTagMap) {
+      my $gtag= $AnnotTagMap{$atag}; next unless($gtag);
+      my @anno = map{ 
+          if (ref $_ && $_->can('get_all_values')) { 
+              split( /[,;] */, join ";", $_->get_all_values) 
+          }
+          elsif (ref $_ && $_->can('display_text')) { 
+              split( /[,;] */, $_->display_text) 
+          }
+          elsif (ref $_ && $_->can('value')) { 
+              split( /[,;] */, $_->value) 
+          } 
+          else {
+             ();
+          }
+      } $seq->annotation->get_Annotations($atag);  
+      foreach(@anno) { $sf->add_tag_value( $gtag => $_ ); }
+  }
+    
+  #my @genes = map{ split( /[,;] */, "$_"); } $seq->annotation->get_Annotations('gene_name');  
+  #$sf->add_tag_value( Alias => $_ ) foreach(@genes);
+  # 
+  #my @dblink= map { "$_"; } $seq->annotation->get_Annotations("dblink"); # add @all 
+  #$sf->add_tag_value( Dbxref => $_ ) foreach(@dblink);
+  
+  return (wantarray)? ($source_type,$sf) : $source_type; #?
+}
+
+
+sub gene_features {
+    my ($f, $gene_id, $genelinkID) = @_;
+    local $_ = $f->primary_tag;
+    $method{$_}++;
+    
+    if ( /gene/ ) {
+        $f->add_tag_value( ID => $gene_id ) unless($f->has_tag('ID')); # check is same value!? 
+        $tnum = $rnum= 0; $ncrna_id= $rna_id  = '';
+        return GM_NEW_TOPLEVEL;
+        
+    } elsif ( /mRNA/ ) {  
+        return GM_NOT_PART unless $gene_id;
+        return GM_NOT_PART if($genelinkID && $genelinkID ne $gene_id);
+        ($rna_id  = $gene_id ) =~ s/gene/mRNA/;
+        $rna_id   .= '.t0' . ++$tnum;
+        $f->add_tag_value( ID => $rna_id );
+        $f->add_tag_value( Parent => $gene_id );
+        
+    } elsif ( /RNA|transcript/) { 
+        ## misc_RNA here; missing exons ... flattener problem?
+        #  all of {t,nc,sn}RNA can have gene models now
+        ## but problem in Worm chr: mRNA > misc_RNA > CDS with same locus tag
+        ## CDS needs to use mRNA, not misc_RNA, rna_id ...
+        ## also need to fix cases where tRNA,... lack a 'gene' parent: make this one top-level
+
+        if($gene_id) {
+          return GM_NOT_PART if($genelinkID && $genelinkID ne $gene_id);
+          ($ncrna_id = $gene_id) =~ s/gene/ncRNA/;
+          $ncrna_id .= '.r0' . ++$rnum;
+          $f->add_tag_value( Parent => $gene_id );
+          $f->add_tag_value( ID => $ncrna_id );
+        } else {
+          unless ($f->has_tag('ID')) {
+            if($genelinkID) {
+              $f->add_tag_value( ID => $genelinkID  ) ;
+            } else {
+              $idh->generate_unique_persistent_id($f);
+            }
+          }
+         ($ncrna_id)= $f->get_tag_values('ID'); 
+         return GM_NEW_TOPLEVEL;
+          # this feat now acts as gene-top-level; need to print @to_print to flush prior exons?
+        }
+        
+    } elsif ( /exon/ ) { # can belong to any kind of RNA
+        return GM_NOT_PART unless ($rna_id||$ncrna_id);
+        return GM_NOT_PART if($genelinkID && $genelinkID ne $gene_id);
+        ## we are getting duplicate Parents here, which chokes chado loader, with reason...
+        ## problem is when mRNA and ncRNA have same exons, both ids are active, called twice
+        ## check all Parents
+        for my $expar ($rna_id, $ncrna_id) { 
+          next unless($expar);
+          if ( $exonpar{$expar} and $f->has_tag('Parent') ) {
+            my @vals = $f->get_tag_values('Parent');
+            next if (grep {$expar eq $_} @vals);
+            }
+          $exonpar{$expar}++;
+          $f->add_tag_value( Parent => $expar); 
+          # last; #? could be both
+        }
+        # now we can skip cloned exons
+        # dgg note: multiple parents get added and printed for each unique exon
+        return GM_DUP_PART if ++$seen{$f} > 1;
+        
+    } elsif ( /CDS|protein|polypeptide/ ) {
+        return GM_NOT_PART unless $rna_id; ## ignore $ncrna_id ??
+        return GM_NOT_PART if($genelinkID && $genelinkID ne $gene_id); #??
+        (my $pro_id = $rna_id) =~ s/\.t/\.p/;
+        
+        if( ! $CDSkeep && /CDS/) {  
+          $f->primary_tag($PROTEIN_TYPE); 
+        
+          ## duplicate problem is Location ..
+          if ($f->location->isa("Bio::Location::SplitLocationI")) {
+            # my($b,$e)=($f->start, $f->end); # is this all we need?
+            my($b,$e)=(-1,0);
+            foreach my $l ($f->location->each_Location) {
+               $b = $l->start if($b<0 || $b > $l->start);
+               $e = $l->end if($e < $l->end);
+               }
+            $f->location( Bio::Location::Simple->new(
+                -start => $b, -end => $e, -strand => $f->strand) );
+            }
+
+            $f->add_tag_value( Derives_from => $rna_id ); 
+          }
+          else {
+            $f->add_tag_value( Parent => $rna_id );
+          }
+
+        $f->add_tag_value( ID => $pro_id );
+        
+        move_translation_fasta($f, $pro_id);
+        #if( $f->has_tag('translation')) {
+        #   my ($aa) = $f->get_tag_values("translation");
+        #    $proteinfa{$pro_id}= $aa;
+        #    $f->remove_tag("translation");
+        #    $f->add_tag_value("translation","length.".length($aa)); # hack for odd chado gbl problem
+        #}
+    } elsif ( /region/ ) {       
+        $f->primary_tag('gene_component_region');
+        $f->add_tag_value( Parent => $gene_id ); 
+    } else {
+        return GM_NOT_PART unless $gene_id;
+        $f->add_tag_value( Parent => $gene_id );  
+    }
+    
+    ## return GM_DUP_PART if /exon/ && ++$seen{$f} > 1;
+    
+    return GM_NEW_PART;
+}
+
+## was generic_features >  add_generic_id
+sub add_generic_id {
+    my ($f, $ft_name, $flags) = @_;
+    my $method = $f->primary_tag;
+    $method{$method}++ unless($flags =~ /nocount/); ## double counts GM_NOT_PART from above
+     
+    if ($f->has_tag('ID')) {
+    
+    }
+    elsif ( $f->has_tag($method) ) {
+        my ($name) = $f->get_tag_values($method);
+        $f->add_tag_value( ID => "$method:$name" );
+    }
+    elsif($ft_name) { # is this unique ?
+        $f->add_tag_value( ID => $ft_name ); 
+    }
+    else {
+        $idh->generate_unique_persistent_id($f);
+    }
+
+    move_translation_fasta( $f, ($f->get_tag_values("ID"))[0] )
+      if($method =~ /CDS/);
+
+    # return $io->gff_string($f);
+}
+
+sub move_translation_fasta {
+    my ($f, $ft_id) = @_;
+    if( $ft_id && $f->has_tag('translation') ) {
+      my ($aa) = $f->get_tag_values("translation");
+      if($aa && $aa !~ /^length/) {
+        $proteinfa{$ft_id}= $aa;
+        $f->remove_tag("translation");
+        $f->add_tag_value("translation","length.".length($aa)); # hack for odd chado gbl problem
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+sub gff_header {
+    my ($name, $end, $source_type, $source_feat) = @_;
+    $source_type ||= "region";
+
+    my $info = "$source_type:$name";
+    my $head = "##gff-version $GFF_VERSION\n".
+               "##sequence-region $name 1 $end\n".
+               "# conversion-by bp_genbank2gff3.pl\n";
+    if ($source_feat) {
+        ## dgg: these header comment fields are not useful when have multi-records, diff organisms
+        for my $key (qw(organism Note date)) {
+            my $value;
+            if ($source_feat->has_tag($key)) { 
+                ($value) = $source_feat->get_tag_values($key);
+            }
+            if ($value) {
+                $head .= "# $key $value\n";
+                $info .= ", $value";
+            }
+        }
+        $head = "" if $didheader;
+    } else {
+        $head .= "$name\t$SOURCEID\t$source_type\t1\t$end\t.\t.\t.\tID=$name\n";
+    }
+    $didheader++;
+    return (wantarray) ? ($head,$info) : $head;
+}
+
+sub unflatten_seq {
+    my $seq = shift;
+
+    ## print "# working on $source_type:", $seq->accession, "\n"; 
+    my $uh_oh = "Possible gene unflattening error with" .  $seq->accession_number .
+                ": consult STDERR\n";
+    
+    eval {
+        $unflattener->unflatten_seq( -seq => $seq, 
+                                     -noinfer => $noinfer,
+                                     -use_magic => 1 );
+    };
+    
+    # deal with unflattening errors
+    if ( $@ ) {
+        warn $seq->accession_number . " Unflattening error:\n";
+        warn "Details: $@\n";
+        print "# ".$uh_oh;
+    }
+
+    return 0 if !$seq || !$seq->all_SeqFeatures;
+
+    # map feature types to the sequence ontology
+    ## $tm->map_types_to_SO( -seq => $seq );
+    #$tm->map_types( -seq => $seq, -type_map => $FTSOmap, -undefined => "region" ); #dgg
+
+    map_types( 
+        $tm, 
+        -seq => $seq, 
+        -type_map  => $FTSOmap, 
+        -syn_map  => $FTSOsynonyms, 
+        -undefined => "region" 
+    ); #nml
+
+}
+
+sub filter {
+    my $seq = shift;
+    ## return unless $filter;
+    my @feats;
+    my @sources; # dgg; pick source features here; only 1 always?
+    if ($filter) {
+      for my $f ( $seq->remove_SeqFeatures ) {
+        my $m = $f->primary_tag;
+        push @sources, $f if ($m eq 'source'); # dgg? but leave in @feats ?
+        push @feats, $f unless $filter =~ /$m/i;
+      }
+      $seq->add_SeqFeature($_) foreach @feats;
+    } else {
+      for my $f ( $seq->get_SeqFeatures ){
+        my $m = $f->primary_tag;
+        push @sources, $f if ($m eq 'source'); # dgg? but leave in @feats ?
+        }
+    }
+
+    return @sources;
+}
+
+
+# The default behaviour of Bio::FeatureHolderI:get_all_SeqFeatures
+# changed to filter out cloned features.  We have to implement the old
+# method.  These two subroutines were adapted from the v1.4 Bio::FeatureHolderI
+sub get_all_SeqFeatures  {
+    my $seq = shift;
+    my @flatarr;
+
+    foreach my $feat ( $seq->get_SeqFeatures ){
+        push(@flatarr,$feat);
+        _add_flattened_SeqFeatures(\@flatarr,$feat);
+    }
+    return @flatarr;
+}
+
+sub gene_name {
+    my $g = shift;
+    my $gene_id = ''; # zero it;
+
+    if ($g->has_tag('locus_tag')) {
+        ($gene_id) = $g->get_tag_values('locus_tag');
+    }
+
+    elsif ($g->has_tag('gene')) {
+        ($gene_id) = $g->get_tag_values('gene'); 
+    }
+    elsif ($g->has_tag('ID')) { # for non-Genbank > Entrezgene
+        ($gene_id) = $g->get_tag_values('ID');
+    }
+
+    ## See Unflattener comment:
+    # on rare occasions, records will have no /gene or /locus_tag
+    # but it WILL have /product tags. These serve the same purpose
+    # for grouping. For an example, see AY763288 (also in t/data)
+    # eg. product=tRNA-Asp ;  product=similar to crooked neck protein
+    elsif ($g->has_tag('product')) {
+        my ($name)= $g->get_tag_values('product');
+        ($gene_id) = $name unless($name =~ / /); # a description not name
+    }
+
+    ## dgg; also handle transposon=xxxx ID/name
+    # ID=GenBank:repeat_region:NC_004353:1278337:1281302;transposon=HeT-A{}1685;Dbxref=FLYBASE:FBti0059746
+    elsif ($g->has_tag('transposon')) {
+        my ($name)= $g->get_tag_values('transposon');
+        ($gene_id) = $name unless($name =~ / /); # a description not name
+    }
+  
+    return $gene_id;
+}
+
+# same list as gene_name .. change tag to generic Name
+sub convert_to_name {
+    my $g = shift;
+    my $gene_id = ''; # zero it;
+    
+    if ($g->has_tag('gene')) {
+        ($gene_id) = $g->get_tag_values('gene'); 
+        $g->remove_tag('gene');
+        $g->add_tag_value('Name', $gene_id);
+    }
+    elsif ($g->has_tag('locus_tag')) {
+        ($gene_id) = $g->get_tag_values('locus_tag');
+        $g->remove_tag('locus_tag');
+        $g->add_tag_value('Name', $gene_id);
+    }
+
+    elsif ($g->has_tag('product')) {
+        my ($name)= $g->get_tag_values('product');
+        ($gene_id) = $name unless($name =~ / /); # a description not name
+        ## $g->remove_tag('product');
+        $g->add_tag_value('Name', $gene_id);
+    }
+
+    elsif ($g->has_tag('transposon')) {
+        my ($name)= $g->get_tag_values('transposon');
+        ($gene_id) = $name unless($name =~ / /); # a description not name
+        ## $g->remove_tag('transposon');
+        $g->add_tag_value('Name', $gene_id);
+    }
+    elsif ($g->has_tag('ID')) { 
+        my ($name)= $g->get_tag_values('ID');
+        $g->add_tag_value('Name', $name);
+    }    
+    return $gene_id;
+}
+
+
+sub _add_flattened_SeqFeatures  {
+    my ($arrayref,$feat) = @_;
+    my @subs = ();
+
+    if ($feat->isa("Bio::FeatureHolderI")) {
+        @subs = $feat->get_SeqFeatures;
+    } 
+    elsif ($feat->isa("Bio::SeqFeatureI")) {
+        @subs = $feat->sub_SeqFeature;
+    }
+    else {
+        warn ref($feat)." is neither a FeatureHolderI nor a SeqFeatureI. ".
+            "Don't know how to flatten.";
+    }
+
+    for my $sub (@subs) {
+        push(@$arrayref,$sub);
+        _add_flattened_SeqFeatures($arrayref,$sub);
+    }
+
+}
+
+sub map_types {
+
+    my ($self, @args) = @_;
+
+    my($sf, $seq, $type_map, $syn_map, $undefmap) =
+        $self->_rearrange([qw(FEATURE
+                    SEQ
+                    TYPE_MAP
+                    SYN_MAP
+                    UNDEFINED
+                    )],
+                @args);
+
+    if (!$sf && !$seq) {
+        $self->throw("you need to pass in either -feature or -seq");
+    }
+
+    my @sfs = ($sf);
+    if ($seq) {
+        $seq->isa("Bio::SeqI") || $self->throw("$seq NOT A SeqI");
+        @sfs = $seq->get_all_SeqFeatures;
+    }
+    $type_map = $type_map || $self->typemap; # dgg: was type_map;
+    foreach my $feat (@sfs) {
+
+        $feat->isa("Bio::SeqFeatureI") || $self->throw("$feat NOT A SeqFeatureI");
+        $feat->isa("Bio::FeatureHolderI") || $self->throw("$feat NOT A FeatureHolderI");
+
+        my $primary_tag = $feat->primary_tag;
+
+        #if ($primary_tag =~ /^pseudo(.*)$/) {
+        #    $primary_tag = $1;
+        #    $feat->primary_tag($primary_tag);
+        #}
+
+        my $mtype = $type_map->{$primary_tag};
+        if ($mtype) {
+            if (ref($mtype)) {
+                if (ref($mtype) eq 'ARRAY') {
+                    my $soID;
+                    ($mtype, $soID) = @$mtype;
+
+                    if ($soID && ref($ONTOLOGY)) {
+                        my ($term) = $ONTOLOGY->find_terms(-identifier => $soID);
+                        $mtype = $term->name if $term;
+                    } 
+                    # if SO ID is undefined AND we have an ontology to search, we want to delete 
+                    # the feature type hash entry in order to force a fuzzy search
+                    elsif (! defined $soID && ref($ONTOLOGY)) {
+                        undef $mtype;
+                        delete $type_map->{$primary_tag};
+                    } 
+                    elsif ($undefmap && $mtype eq 'undefined') { # dgg
+                        $mtype= $undefmap;
+                    }
+
+                    $type_map->{$primary_tag} = $mtype if $mtype;
+                }
+                elsif (ref($mtype) eq 'CODE') {
+                    $mtype = $mtype->($feat);
+                }
+                else {
+                    $self->throw('must be scalar or CODE ref');
+                }
+            }
+            elsif ($undefmap && $mtype eq 'undefined') { # dgg
+                $mtype= $undefmap;
+            }
+            $feat->primary_tag($mtype);
+        }
+
+        if ($CONF) {
+            conf_read(); 
+            my %perfect_matches;
+            while (my ($p_tag,$rules) = each %$YAML) {
+                RULE:
+                for my $rule (@$rules) {
+                    for my $tags (@$rule) {
+                        while (my ($tag,$values) = each %$tags) {
+                            for my $value (@$values) {
+                                if ($feat->has_tag($tag)) {
+                                    for ($feat->get_tag_values($tag)) {
+                                        next RULE unless $_ =~ /\Q$value\E/;
+                                    }
+                                } elsif ($tag eq 'primary_tag') {
+                                    next RULE unless $value eq
+                                        $feat->primary_tag; 
+                                } elsif ($tag eq 'location') {
+                                    next RULE unless $value eq
+                                        $feat->start.'..'.$feat->end;
+                                } else { next RULE }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    $perfect_matches{$p_tag}++;
+                }
+            }
+            if (scalar(keys %perfect_matches) == 1) {
+                $mtype = $_ for keys %perfect_matches;
+            } elsif (scalar(keys %perfect_matches) > 1) {
+                warn "There are conflicting rules in the config file for the" .
+                     " following types: ";
+                warn "\t$_\n" for keys %perfect_matches;
+                warn "Until conflict resolution is built into the converter," .
+                     " you will have to manually edit the config file to remove the" .
+                     " conflict. Sorry :(. Skipping user preference for this entry";
+                sleep(2);
+            }
+        } 
+
+        if ( ! $mtype  && $syn_map) {
+            if ($feat->has_tag('note')) {
+
+                my @all_matches;
+
+                my @note = $feat->each_tag_value('note');
+
+                for my $k (keys %$syn_map) {
+
+                    if ($k =~ /"(.+)"/) {
+
+                        my $syn = $1;
+
+                        for my $note (@note) {
+
+                            # look through the notes to see if the description
+                            # is an exact match for synonyms
+                            if ( $syn eq $note ) { 
+
+                                my @map = @{$syn_map->{$k}};
+
+                                
+                                my $best_guess = $map[0];
+
+                                unshift @{$all_matches[-1]}, [$best_guess];
+
+                                $mtype = $MANUAL
+                                    ? manual_curation($feat, $best_guess, \@all_matches)
+                                    : $best_guess;
+
+                                print '#' x 78 . "\nGuessing the proper SO term for GenBank"
+                                    . " entry:\n\n" . GenBank_entry($feat) . "\nis:\t$mtype\n" 
+                                    . '#' x 78 . "\n\n";
+
+                            } else {
+                                # check both primary tag and and note against
+                                # SO synonyms for best matching description
+
+                                SO_fuzzy_match( $k, $primary_tag, $note, $syn, \@all_matches); 
+                            }
+
+                        }
+                    } 
+                }
+
+                #unless ($mtype) {
+                for my $note (@note) {
+                    for my $name (values %$type_map) {
+                    # check primary tag against SO names for best matching
+                    # descriptions //NML also need to check against
+                    # definition && camel case split terms
+
+                        SO_fuzzy_match($name, $primary_tag, $note, $name, \@all_matches);
+                    }
+                }
+                #}
+
+                if (scalar(@all_matches) && !$mtype) {
+
+                    my $top_matches = first { defined $_ } @{$all_matches[-1]}; 
+
+                    my $best_guess = $top_matches->[0];
+
+
+
+                    # if guess has quotes, it is a synonym term. we need to 
+                    # look up the corresponding name term
+                    # otherwise, guess is a name, so we can use it directly
+                    if ($best_guess =~ /"(.+)"/) {
+
+                        $best_guess = $syn_map->{$best_guess}->[0];
+
+                    } 
+
+                    @RETURN = @all_matches;
+                    $mtype = $MANUAL
+                        ? manual_curation($feat, $best_guess, \@all_matches)
+                        : $best_guess;
+
+                    print '#' x 78 . "\nGuessing the proper SO term for GenBank"
+                        . " entry:\n\n" . GenBank_entry($feat) . "\nis:\t$mtype\n" 
+                        . '#' x 78 . "\n\n";
+
+                }
+            }
+            $mtype ||= $undefmap;
+            $feat->primary_tag($mtype);
+        } 
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+sub SO_fuzzy_match {
+
+    my $candidate = shift;
+    my $primary_tag = shift;
+    my $note = shift;
+    my $SO_terms = shift;
+    my $best_matches_ref = shift;
+    my $modifier = shift; 
+
+    $modifier ||= '';
+
+        my @feat_terms;
+
+    for ( split(" |_", $primary_tag) ) {
+        #my @camelCase = /(?:[A-Z]|[a-z])(?:[A-Z]+|[a-z]*)(?=$|[A-Z])/g;
+        my @camelCase = /(?:[A-Z]|[a-z])(?:[A-Z]+|[a-z]*)(?=$|[A-Z]|[;:.,])/g;
+        push @feat_terms, @camelCase;
+    }
+
+    for ( split(" |_", $note) ) {
+        #my @camelCase = /(?:[A-Z]|[a-z])(?:[A-Z]+|[a-z]*)(?=$|[A-Z])/g;
+        #my @camelCase = /(?:[A-Z]|[a-z])(?:[A-Z]+|[a-z]*)(?=$|[A-Z]|[;:.,])/g;
+        (my $word = $_) =~ s/[;:.,]//g;
+        push @feat_terms, $word;
+    }
+
+
+    my @SO_terms = split(" |_", $SO_terms);
+
+    # fuzzy match works on a simple point system. When 2 words match,
+    # the $plus counter adds one. When they don't, the $minus counter adds
+    # one. This is used to sort similar matches together. Better matches
+    # are found at the end of the array, near the top.
+
+    # NML: can we improve best match by using synonym tags
+    # EXACT,RELATED,NARROW,BROAD?
+
+    my ($plus, $minus) = (0, 0); 
+    my %feat_terms;
+    my %SO_terms;
+
+    #unique terms
+    map {$feat_terms{$_} = 1} @feat_terms;
+    map {$SO_terms{$_} = 1} @SO_terms;
+
+    for my $st (keys %SO_terms) {
+        for my $ft (keys %feat_terms) {
+
+            ($st =~ m/$modifier\Q$ft\E/) ? $plus++ : $minus++;
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    push @{$$best_matches_ref[$plus][$minus]}, $candidate if $plus;
+
+}
+
+sub manual_curation {
+
+    my ($feat, $default_opt,  $all_matches) = @_; 
+
+    my @all_matches = @$all_matches;
+
+    # convert all SO synonyms into names and filter
+    # all matches into unique term list because
+    # synonyms can map to multiple duplicate names
+
+    my (@unique_SO_terms, %seen);
+    for (reverse @all_matches) {
+        for (@$_) {
+            for (@$_) {
+                #my @names;
+                if ($_ =~ /"(.+)"/) {
+                    for (@{$SYN_MAP->{$_}}) {
+                        push @unique_SO_terms, $_ unless $seen{$_};
+                        $seen{$_}++;
+                    }
+                } else { 
+                    push @unique_SO_terms, $_ unless $seen{$_};
+                    $seen{$_}++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    my $s = scalar(@unique_SO_terms);
+
+    my $choice = 0;
+
+    my $more = 
+        "[a]uto   : automatic input (selects best guess for remaining entries)\r" .
+        "[f]ind   : search for other SO terms matching your query (e.g. f gene)\r" . 
+        "[i]nput  : add a specific term\r" .
+        "[r]eset  : reset to the beginning of matches\r" .
+        "[s]kip   : skip this entry (selects best guess for this entry)\r"
+    ;
+
+    $more .= 
+        "[n]ext   : view the next ".OPTION_CYCLE." terms\r" .
+        "[p]rev   : view the previous ".OPTION_CYCLE." terms" if ($s > OPTION_CYCLE);
+
+    my $msg = #"\n\n" . '-' x 156 . "\n"
+         "The converter found $s possible matches for the following GenBank entry: ";
+
+    my $directions = 
+        "Type a number to select the SO term that best matches"
+        . " the genbank entry, or use any of the following options:\r" . '_' x 76 . "\r$more"; 
+
+
+    # lookup filtered list to pull out definitions
+    my @options = map { 
+        my $term = $_;
+        my %term;
+        for (['name', 'name'], ['def', 'definition'], ['synonym',
+                'each_synonym']) {
+            my ($label, $method) = @$_;
+            $term{$label} = \@{[$term->$method]};
+        }
+        [++$choice, $_->name, ($_->definition || 'none'), \%term, $_->each_synonym ];
+    }  map { $ONTOLOGY->find_terms(-name => $_) } @unique_SO_terms;
+
+
+    my $option = options_cycle(0, OPTION_CYCLE, $msg, $feat, $directions,
+            $default_opt, @options);
+
+    if ($option eq 'skip') { return $default_opt 
+    } elsif ($option eq 'auto') {
+        $MANUAL = 0;
+        return $default_opt;
+    } else { return $option }
+
+}
+
+sub options_cycle {
+
+    my ($start, $stop, $msg, $feat, $directions, $best_guess, @opt) = @_;
+
+    #NML: really should only call GenBank_entry once. Will need to change
+    #method to return array & shift off header
+    my $entry = GenBank_entry($feat, "\r");
+
+    my $total = scalar(@opt);
+
+    ($start,$stop) = (0, OPTION_CYCLE) 
+        if ( ($start < 0) && ($stop > 0) );
+
+    ($start,$stop) = (0, OPTION_CYCLE) 
+        if ( ( ($stop - $start) < OPTION_CYCLE ) && $stop < $total);
+
+    ($start,$stop) = ($total - OPTION_CYCLE, $total) if $start < 0;
+    ($start,$stop) = (0, OPTION_CYCLE) if $start >= $total;
+
+    $stop = $total if $stop > $total;
+
+    my $dir_copy = $directions;
+    my $msg_copy = $msg;
+    my $format = "format STDOUT = \n" .
+        '-' x 156 . "\n" . 
+        '^' . '<' x 77 .  '| Available Commands:' . "\n" .
+        '$msg_copy' . "\n" .
+        '-' x 156 . "\n" . 
+        ' ' x 78 . "|\n" .
+        '^' . '<' x 77 . '| ^' . '<' x 75 . '~' . "\n" .
+        '$entry' . ' ' x 74 . '$dir_copy,' . "\n" .
+        (' ' x 20 . '^' . '<' x 57 . '| ^' . '<' x 75 . '~' . "\n" .
+        ' ' x 20 . '$entry,' . ' ' x 53 . '$dir_copy,' . "\n") x 1000  . ".\n";
+
+    {
+        # eval throws redefined warning that breaks formatting. 
+        # Turning off warnings just for the eval to fix this.
+        no warnings 'redefine';
+        eval $format;
+    }
+
+    write;
+
+    print '-' x 156 . "\n" .
+        'Showing results ' . ( $stop ? ( $start + 1 ) : $start ) . 
+        " - $stop of possible SO term matches: (best guess is \"$best_guess\")" .
+        "\n" . '-' x 156 . "\n"; 
+
+    for  (my $i = $start; $i < $stop; $i+=2) {
+
+        my ($left, $right) = @opt[$i,$i+1];
+
+        my ($nL, $nmL, $descL, $termL, @synL) = @$left;
+
+        #odd numbered lists can cause fatal undefined errors, so check
+        #to make sure we have data
+        
+        my ($nR, $nmR, $descR, $termR, @synR) = ref($right) ? @$right : (undef, undef, undef);
+
+
+        my $format = "format STDOUT = \n";
+
+        $format .=
+            ' ' x 78 . "|\n" .
+
+            '@>>: name: ^' . '<' x 64 . '~' . ' |' .
+                ( ref($right) ? ('@>>: name: ^' . '<' x 64 . '~' ) : '' ) .  "\n" .
+            '$nL,' . ' ' x 7 . '$nmL,' .
+                ( ref($right) ? (' ' x 63 . '$nR,' .  ' ' x 7 .  "\$nmR,") : '' ) . "\n" .
+
+            ' ' x 11 . '^' . '<' x 61 . '...~' . ' |' . 
+                (ref($right) ? ('           ^' . '<' x 61 .  '...~') : '') . "\n" .
+            ' ' x 11 . '$nmL,' . 
+                (ref($right) ? (' ' x 74 . '$nmR,') : '') . "\n" .
+            #' ' x 78 . '|' . "\n" .
+
+
+            '     def:  ^' . '<' x 65 . ' |' . 
+                (ref($right) ? ('     def:  ^' . '<' x 64 . '~') : '') . "\n" .
+            ' ' x 11 . '$descL,' . 
+                (ref($right) ? (' ' x 72 . '$descR,') : '') . "\n" .
+
+
+            ('           ^' . '<' x 65 . ' |' . 
+                (ref($right) ? ('           ^' . '<' x 64 . '~') : '') . "\n" .
+            ' ' x 11 . '$descL,' . 
+                (ref($right) ? (' ' x 72 . '$descR,') : '') . "\n") x 5 .
+
+
+            '           ^' . '<' x 61 . '...~ |' . 
+                (ref($right) ? ('           ^' . '<' x 61 . '...~') : '') . "\n" .
+            ' ' x 11 . '$descL,' . 
+                (ref($right) ? (' ' x 72 . '$descR,') : '') . "\n" .
+
+            ".\n";
+
+        {
+            # eval throws redefined warning that breaks formatting. 
+            # Turning off warnings just for the eval to fix this.
+            no warnings 'redefine';
+            eval $format;
+        }
+        write;
+
+    }   
+    print '-' x 156 . "\nenter a command:";
+
+    while (<STDIN>) {
+
+        (my $input = $_) =~ s/\s+$//;
+
+        if ($input =~ /^\d+$/) {
+            if ( $input && defined $opt[$input-1] ) {
+                return $opt[$input-1]->[1]
+            } else {
+                print "\nThat number is not an option. Please enter a valid number.\n:";
+            }
+        } elsif ($input =~ /^n/i | $input =~ /next/i ) {
+            return options_cycle($start + OPTION_CYCLE, $stop + OPTION_CYCLE, $msg, 
+                    $feat, $directions, $best_guess, @opt)
+        } elsif ($input =~ /^p/i | $input =~ /prev/i ) {
+            return options_cycle($start - OPTION_CYCLE, $stop - OPTION_CYCLE, $msg,
+                    $feat, $directions, $best_guess, @opt)
+        } elsif ( $input =~ /^s/i || $input =~ /skip/i ) { return 'skip' 
+        } elsif ( $input =~ /^a/i || $input =~ /auto/i ) { return 'auto' 
+        } elsif ( $input =~ /^r/i || $input =~ /reset/i ) { 
+            return manual_curation($feat, $best_guess, \@RETURN );
+        } elsif ( $input =~ /^f/i || $input =~ /find/i ) {
+
+            my ($query, @query_results);
+
+            if ($input =~ /(?:^f|find)\s+?(.*?)$/) { $query = $1;
+            } else {
+
+                #do a SO search
+                print "Type your search query\n:";
+                while (<STDIN>) { chomp($query = $_); last }
+            }
+
+            for (keys(%$TYPE_MAP), keys(%$SYN_MAP)) {
+                SO_fuzzy_match($_, $query, '', $_, \@query_results, '(?i)');
+            }
+
+            return manual_curation($feat, $best_guess, \@query_results);
+
+        } elsif ( $input =~ /^i/i || $input =~ /input/i ) {
+
+            #NML fast input for later
+            #my $query;
+            #if ($input =~ /(?:^i|input)\s+?(.*?)$/) { $query = $1 };
+
+            #manual input
+            print "Type the term you want to use\n:";
+            while (<STDIN>) {
+                chomp(my $input = $_);
+
+                if (! $TYPE_MAP->{$input}) {
+
+                    print "\"$input\" doesn't appear to be a valid SO term. Are ".
+                        "you sure you want to use it? (y or n)\n:";
+
+                    while (<STDIN>) {
+
+                        chomp(my $choice = $_);
+
+                        if ($choice eq 'y') {
+                            print 
+                                "\nWould you like to save your preference for " .
+                                "future use (so you don't have to redo manual " .
+                                "curation for this feature everytime you run " . 
+                                "the converter)? (y or n)\n";
+
+                            #NML: all these while loops are a mess. Really should condense it.
+                            while (<STDIN>) {
+
+                                chomp(my $choice = $_);
+
+                                if ($choice eq 'y') {
+                                    curation_save($feat, $input);
+                                    return $input;
+                                } elsif ($choice eq 'n') {
+                                    return $input
+                                } else {
+                                    print "\nDidn't recognize that command. Please " . 
+                                        "type y or n.\n:" 
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                                
+                        } elsif ($choice eq 'n') {
+                            return options_cycle($start, $stop, $msg, $feat,
+                                    $directions, $best_guess, @opt)
+                        } else {
+                            print "\nDidn't recognize that command. Please " . 
+                                "type y or n.\n:" 
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                } else { 
+                    print 
+                        "\nWould you like to save your preference for " .
+                        "future use (so you don't have to redo manual " .
+                        "curation for this feature everytime you run  " . 
+                        "the converter)? (y or n)\n";
+
+                    #NML: all these while loops are a mess. Really should condense it.
+                    while (<STDIN>) {
+
+                        chomp(my $choice = $_);
+
+                        if ($choice eq 'y') {
+                            curation_save($feat, $input);
+                            return $input;
+                        } elsif ($choice eq 'n') {
+                            return $input
+                        } else {
+                            print "\nDidn't recognize that command. Please " . 
+                                "type y or n.\n:" 
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                } 
+
+            }
+        } else { 
+            print "\nDidn't recognize that command. Please re-enter your choice.\n:" 
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+sub GenBank_entry {
+    my ($f, $delimiter, $num) = @_;
+
+    $delimiter ||= "\n";
+
+
+    my $entry  = 
+
+        ($num ? ' [1] ' : ' ' x 5) . $f->primary_tag 
+        . ($num 
+            ? ' ' x (12 - length $f->primary_tag ) . ' [2] '
+            : ' ' x (15 - length $f->primary_tag) 
+          )
+        . $f->start.'..'.$f->end
+
+        . "$delimiter";
+
+    if ($num) {
+        words_tag($f, \$entry);
+    } else {
+        for my $tag ($f->all_tags) {
+            for my $val ( $f->each_tag_value($tag) ) {
+                $entry .= ' ' x 20;
+                #$entry .= "/$tag=\"$val\"$delimiter";
+                $entry .= $val eq '_no_value'
+                    ? "/$tag$delimiter"
+                    : "/$tag=\"$val\"$delimiter";
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    return $entry;
+}
+
+
+sub gff_validate {
+    warn "Validating GFF file\n" if $DEBUG;
+    my @feat = @_;
+
+    my (%parent2child, %all_ids, %descendants, %reserved);
+
+    for my $f (@feat) {
+        for my $aTags (['Parent', \%parent2child], ['ID', \%all_ids]) {
+            map { push @{$$aTags[1]->{$_}}, $f } $f->get_tag_values($$aTags[0])
+                if $f->has_tag($$aTags[0]); 
+        }
+    }
+
+    if ($SO_FILE) {
+        while (my ($parentID, $aChildren) = each %parent2child) {
+            parent_validate($parentID, $aChildren, \%all_ids, \%descendants, \%reserved);
+        }
+    }
+
+    id_validate(\%all_ids, \%reserved);        
+}
+
+sub parent_validate {
+    my ($parentID, $aChildren, $hAll, $hDescendants, $hReserved) = @_;
+
+    my $aParents = $hAll->{$parentID};
+
+    map { 
+        my $child = $_;
+        $child->add_tag_value( validation_error => 
+        "feature tried to add Parent tag, but no Parent found with ID $parentID"
+        );
+        my %parents;
+        map { $parents{$_} = 1 } $child->get_tag_values('Parent');
+        delete $parents{$parentID};
+        my @parents = keys %parents;
+
+        $child->remove_tag('Parent');
+
+        unless ($child->has_tag('ID')) {
+            my $id = gene_name($child);
+            $child->add_tag_value('ID', $id);
+            push @{$hAll->{$id}}, $child
+        }
+
+        $child->add_tag_value('Parent', @parents) if @parents;
+
+    } @$aChildren and return unless scalar(@$aParents);
+
+    my $par = join(',', map { $_->primary_tag } @$aParents);
+    warn scalar(@$aParents)." POSSIBLE PARENT(S): $par" if $DEBUG;
+
+    #NML manual curation needs to happen here
+
+
+    my %parentsToRemove;
+
+    CHILD:
+    for my $child (@$aChildren) {
+        my $childType  = $child->primary_tag;
+
+        warn "WORKING ON $childType at ".$child->start.' to '.$child->end 
+            if $DEBUG;
+
+        for (my $i = 0; $i < scalar(@$aParents); $i++) {
+            my $parent = $aParents->[$i];
+            my $parentType = $parent->primary_tag;
+
+            warn "CHECKING $childType against $parentType" if $DEBUG;
+
+            #cache descendants so we don't have to do repeat searches
+            unless ($hDescendants->{$parentType}) {
+
+                for my $term ($ONTOLOGY->find_terms(
+                        -name => $parentType
+                    ) ) {
+                    
+                    map {
+                        $hDescendants->{$parentType}{$_->name}++
+                    } $ONTOLOGY->get_descendant_terms($term);
+
+                }
+
+                # NML: hopefully temporary fix.
+                # SO doesn't consider exon/CDS to be a child of mRNA
+                # even though common knowledge dictates that they are
+                # This cheat fixes the false positives for now
+                if ($parentType eq 'mRNA') {
+                    $hDescendants->{$parentType}{'exon'} = 1;
+                    $hDescendants->{$parentType}{'CDS'} = 1;
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            warn "\tCAN $childType at " . $child->start . ' to ' . $child->end .
+                " be a child of $parentType?" if $DEBUG;
+            if ($hDescendants->{$parentType}{$childType}) {
+                warn "\tYES, $childType can be a child of $parentType" if $DEBUG;
+
+                #NML need to deal with multiple children matched to multiple different
+                #parents. This model only assumes the first parent id that matches a child will
+                #be the reserved feature. 
+
+                $hReserved->{$parentID}{$parent}{'parent'} = $parent;
+                push @{$hReserved->{$parentID}{$parent}{'children'}}, $child;
+
+                #mark parent for later removal from all IDs 
+                #so we don't accidentally change any parents
+
+                $parentsToRemove{$i}++;
+
+                next CHILD;
+            } 
+        }
+
+
+        
+        #NML shouldn't have to check this; somehow child can lose Parent
+        #it's happening W3110
+        #need to track this down
+        if ( $child->has_tag('Parent') ) {
+
+            warn "\tNO, @{[$child->primary_tag]} cannot be a child of $parentID"
+                if $DEBUG;
+
+            my %parents;
+
+            map { $parents{$_} = 1 } $child->get_tag_values('Parent');
+
+            delete $parents{$parentID};
+            my @parents = keys %parents;
+
+            warn 'VALIDATION ERROR '.$child->primary_tag." at ".$child->start .
+                ' to ' . $child->end . " cannot be a child of ID $parentID"
+                if $DEBUG;
+
+            $child->add_tag_value( validation_error => 
+                    "feature cannot be a child of $parentID");
+
+            $child->remove_tag('Parent');
+
+            unless ($child->has_tag('ID')) {
+                my $id = gene_name($child);
+                $child->add_tag_value('ID', $id);
+                push @{$hAll->{$id}}, $child
+            }
+
+            $child->add_tag_value('Parent', @parents) if @parents;
+        }
+
+    }
+    
+    #delete $aParents->[$_] for keys %parentsToRemove;
+    splice(@$aParents, $_, 1) for keys %parentsToRemove;
+}
+
+sub id_validate {
+    my ($hAll, $hReserved) = @_;
+
+
+    for my $id (keys %$hAll) {
+
+        #since 1 feature can have this id, 
+        #let's just shift it off and uniquify
+        #the rest (unless it's reserved)
+
+        shift @{$hAll->{$id}} unless $hReserved->{$id};
+        for my $feat (@{$hAll->{$id}}) {
+            id_uniquify(0, $id, $feat, $hAll);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for my $parentID (keys %$hReserved) {
+
+        my @keys = keys %{$hReserved->{$parentID}};
+
+        shift @keys;
+
+        for my $k (@keys) {
+            my $parent = $hReserved->{$parentID}{$k}{'parent'};
+            my $aChildren= $hReserved->{$parentID}{$k}{'children'};
+
+            my $value = id_uniquify(0, $parentID, $parent, $hAll);
+            for my $child (@$aChildren) {
+
+                my %parents;
+                map { $parents{$_}++ } $child->get_tag_values('Parent');
+                $child->remove_tag('Parent');
+                delete $parents{$parentID};
+                $parents{$value}++;
+                my @parents = keys %parents;
+                $child->add_tag_value('Parent', @parents);
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+sub id_uniquify {
+    my ($count, $value, $feat, $hAll) = @_;
+
+    warn "UNIQUIFYING $value" if $DEBUG;
+
+    if (! $count) {
+        $feat->add_tag_value(Alias => $value);
+        $value .= ('.' . $feat->primary_tag) 
+    } elsif ($count == 1) {
+        $value .= ".$count" 
+    } else { 
+        chop $value;
+        $value .= $count 
+    }
+    $count++;
+
+    warn "ENDED UP WITH $value" if $DEBUG;
+    if ( $hAll->{$value} ) { 
+        warn "$value IS ALREADY TAKEN" if $DEBUG;
+        id_uniquify($count, $value, $feat, $hAll);
+    } else { 
+        #warn "something's breaking ".$feat->primary_tag.' at '.$feat->start.' to '.$feat->end;
+        $feat->remove_tag('ID');
+        $feat->add_tag_value('ID', $value);
+        push @{$hAll->{$value}}, $value;
+    }
+
+    $value;
+}
+
+sub conf_read {
+
+    print "\nCannot read $CONF. Change file permissions and retry, " .
+        "or enter another file\n" and conf_locate() unless -r $CONF;
+
+    print "\nCannot write $CONF. Change file permissions and retry, " .
+        "or enter another file\n" and conf_locate() unless -w $CONF;
+
+    $YAML = LoadFile($CONF);
+
+}
+
+sub conf_create {
+
+    my ($path, $input) = @_;
+
+    print "Cannot write to $path. Change directory permissions and retry " .
+        "or enter another save path\n" and conf_locate() unless -w $path;
+
+    $CONF = $input;
+
+    open(FH, '>', $CONF);
+    close(FH);
+    conf_read();
+
+
+}
+
+sub conf_write { DumpFile($CONF, $YAML) }
+
+sub conf_locate {
+
+    print "\nEnter the location of a previously saved config, or a new " .
+        "path and file name to create a new config (this step is " .
+        "necessary to save any preferences)";
+
+    print "\n\nenter a command:";
+
+    while (<STDIN>) {
+        chomp(my $input = $_);
+        my ($fn, $path, $suffix) = fileparse($input, qr/\.[^.]*/);
+
+        if (-e $input && (! -d $input)) {
+
+            print "\nReading $input...\n";
+            $CONF = $input;
+
+            conf_read(); 
+            last;
+
+        } elsif (! -d $input && $fn.$suffix) {
+
+            print "Creating $input...\n";
+            conf_create($path, $input);
+            last;
+
+        } elsif (-e $input && -d $input) {
+            print "You only entered a directory. " .
+                "Please enter BOTH a directory and filename\n";
+        } else { 
+            print "$input does not appear to be a valid path. Please enter a " .
+                "valid directory and filename\n";
+        }
+        print "\nenter a command:";
+    }
+}
+
+sub curation_save {
+
+    my ($feat, $input) = @_;
+
+    #my $error = "Enter the location of a previously saved config, or a new " .
+    #    "path and file name to create a new config (this step is " .
+    #    "necessary to save any preferences)\n";
+
+    if (!$CONF) {
+        print "\n\n"; 
+        conf_locate();
+    } elsif (! -e $CONF) {
+        print "\n\nThe config file you have chosen doesn't exist.\n";
+        conf_locate();
+    } else { conf_read() }
+
+    my $entry = GenBank_entry($feat, "\r", 1);
+
+    my $msg = "Term entered: $input";
+    my $directions = "Please select any/all tags that provide evidence for the term you
+have entered. You may enter multiple tags by separating them by commas/dashes
+(e.g 1,3,5-7). For tags with more than one word value (i.e 'note'), you have
+the option of either selecting the entire note as evidence, or specific
+keywords. If a tag has multiple keywords, they will be tagged alphabetically
+for selection. To select a specific keyword in a tag field, you must enter the
+tag number followed by the keyword letter (e.g 3a). Multiple keywords may be
+selected by entering each letter separated by commas/dashes (e.g 3b,f,4a-c). The more tags you select, the more specific the GenBank entry will have
+to be to match your curation. To match the GenBank entry exactly as it
+appears, type every number (start-end), or just type 'all'. Remember, once the converter saves your
+preference, you will no longer be prompted to choose a feature type for any
+matching entries until you edit the curation.ini file.";
+    my $msg_copy = $msg;
+    my $dir_copy = $directions;
+
+    my $format = "format STDOUT = \n" .
+        '-' x 156 . "\n" . 
+        '^' . '<' x 77 .  '| Directions:' . "\n" .
+        '$msg_copy' . "\n" .
+        '-' x 156 . "\n" . 
+        ' ' x 78 . "|\n" .
+        '^' . '<' x 77 . '| ^' . '<' x 75 . '~' . "\n" .
+        '$entry' . ' ' x 74 . '$dir_copy,' . "\n" .
+        (' ' x 15 . '^' . '<' x 62 . '| ^' . '<' x 75 . '~' . "\n" .
+        ' ' x 15 . '$entry,' . ' ' x 58 . '$dir_copy,' . "\n") x 20  . ".\n";
+
+    {
+        # eval throws redefined warning that breaks formatting. 
+        # Turning off warnings just for the eval to fix this.
+        no warnings 'redefine';
+        eval $format;
+    }
+
+    write;
+    print '-' x 156 . "\nenter a command:";
+
+    my @tags = words_tag($feat); 
+
+    my $final = {};
+    my $choices;
+    while (<STDIN>) {
+
+        chomp(my $choice = $_);
+
+        if (scalar(keys %$final) && $choice =~ /^y/i) { last 
+
+        } elsif (scalar(keys %$final) && $choice =~ /^n/i) { curation_save($feat, $input) 
+
+        } elsif (scalar(keys %$final)) { print "\nInvalid selection. Please try again\n";
+
+        } elsif ($choice eq 'all') {
+
+            $choice = '';
+            for (my $i=1; $i < scalar(@tags); $i++) {
+                $choice .= "$i,";
+            }
+            chop $choice;
+        } 
+        #print "CHOICE [$choice]";
+
+        my @selections;
+        for (split(/(?<=\w)[^[:alnum:]\-]+(?=\d)/, $choice)) {
+            if ($_ =~ /(\d+)(?:\D*)-(\d+)(.*)/) { 
+
+                for ($1..$2) { push @selections, $_ }
+
+                my $dangling_alphas = $3;
+                alpha_expand($dangling_alphas, \@selections);
+
+            } else { 
+                alpha_expand($_, \@selections);
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach my $numbers (@selections) {
+
+            my @c = split(/(?=[\w])/, $numbers);
+            s/\W+//g foreach @c;
+            my $num;
+            
+            {
+                $^W = 0;
+                $num = 0 + shift @c;
+            }
+
+            my $tag = $tags[$num];
+            if (ref $tag && scalar(@c)) {
+                my $no_value;
+                foreach (@c) {
+                    if (defined $tag->{$_}) {
+                        $choices .= "${num}[$_] ";
+                        my ($t,$v) = @{$tag->{$_}};
+                        push @{${$final->{$input}}[0]{$t}}, $v;
+
+                    } else { $no_value++ }
+                    }
+
+                if ($no_value) { 
+                    _selection_add($tag,$final,$input,\$choices,$num);
+                    #my ($t,$v) = @{$tag->{'all'}};
+                    #unless (defined ${$final->{$input}}[0]{$t}) {
+                        #$choices .= "$num, ";
+                        #push @{${$final->{$input}}[0]{$t}}, $v
+                    #}
+                }
+
+                $choices = substr($choices, 0, -2);
+                $choices .= ', ';
+
+            } elsif (ref $tag) { 
+                _selection_add($tag,$final,$input,\$choices,$num);
+                #my ($t,$v) = @{$tag->{'all'}};
+                #unless (defined ${$final->{$input}}[0]{$t}) {
+                    #$choices .= "$num, ";
+                    #push @{${$final->{$input}}[0]{$t}}, $v
+                #}
+            } 
+        }
+        $choices = substr($choices, 0, -2) if $choices;
+        if ($final) {
+            print "\nYou have chosen the following tags:\n$choices\n";
+            print "This will be written to the config file as:\n";
+            print Dump $final;
+            print "\nIs this correct? (y or n)\n";
+        } else { print "\nInvalid selection. Please try again\n" }
+    }
+    push @{$YAML->{$input}}, $final->{$input};
+    conf_write();
+}
+
+#  words_tag() splits each tag value string into multiple words so that the 
+#  user can select the parts he/she wants to use for curation
+#  it can tag 702 (a - zz) separate words; this should be enough
+
+sub words_tag {
+
+    my ($feat, $entry) = @_;
+
+    my @tags;
+
+    @tags[1,2] = ({'all' => ['primary_tag', $feat->primary_tag]}, {'all' => ['location', $feat->start.'..'.$feat->end]});
+    my $i = 3;
+    foreach my $tag ($feat->all_tags) {
+        foreach my $value ($feat->each_tag_value($tag)) {
+
+            my ($string, $tagged_string);
+
+            my @words = split(/(?=\w+?)/, $value);
+
+            my $pos = 0;
+
+
+            foreach my $word (@words) {
+
+                (my $sanitized_word = $word) =~ s/\W+?//g;
+                $string .= $word;
+
+                my $lead = int($pos/ALPHABET_DIVISOR);
+                my $lag = $pos % ALPHABET_DIVISOR;
+
+                my $a =  $lead ? ${(ALPHABET)}[$lead-1] : '';
+                $a .= $lag ? ${(ALPHABET)}[$lag] : 'a';
+
+                $tagged_string .= " ($a) $word";
+
+                $tags[$i]{$a} = [$tag, $sanitized_word];
+                $pos++;
+            }
+
+            $value = $tagged_string if scalar(@words) > 1;
+
+            $$entry .= "[$i] /$tag=\"$value\"\r";
+
+            $tags[$i]{'all'} = [$tag, $string];
+        }
+        $i++;
+    }
+
+    return @tags;
+    
+}
+
+sub alpha_expand {
+
+    my ($dangling_alphas, $selections) = @_;
+
+    if (defined($dangling_alphas) && $dangling_alphas =~ /(\d)*([[:alpha:]]+)-([[:alpha:]]+)/) {
+
+        my $digit = $1;
+        push @$selections, $digit if $digit;
+
+        my $start = $2;
+        my $stop = $3;
+
+        my @starts = split('', $start);
+        my @stops = split('', $stop);
+
+        my ($final_start, $final_stop);
+
+        for ([\$final_start, \@starts], [\$final_stop, \@stops]) {
+
+            my ($final, $splits) = @$_;
+
+            my $int = ${(ALPHABET_TO_NUMBER)}{$$splits[0]};
+            my $rem;
+
+
+            if ($$splits[1]) {
+                $rem = ${(ALPHABET_TO_NUMBER)}{$$splits[1]};
+                $int++
+            } else {
+                $rem = $int;
+                $int = 0;
+            }
+
+
+            $$final = $int * ALPHABET_DIVISOR;
+            $$final += $rem;
+
+        }
+
+        my $last_number = pop @$selections;
+        for my $pos ($final_start..$final_stop) {
+            my $lead = int($pos/ALPHABET_DIVISOR);
+            my $lag = $pos % ALPHABET_DIVISOR;
+            my $alpha =  $lead ? ${(ALPHABET)}[$lead-1] : '';
+            $alpha .= $lag ? ${(ALPHABET)}[$lag] : 'a';
+            push @$selections, $last_number.$alpha;        
+        }
+
+    } elsif (defined($dangling_alphas)) { 
+        if ($dangling_alphas =~ /^\d/) {
+            push @$selections, $dangling_alphas;
+        } elsif ($dangling_alphas =~ /^\D/) {
+            #print "$dangling_alphas ".Dumper @$selections;
+            my $last_number = pop @$selections;
+            $last_number ||= '';
+            push @$selections, $last_number.$dangling_alphas;
+            #$$selections[-1] .= $dangling_alphas;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+sub _selection_add {
+
+    my ($tag, $final, $input, $choices, $num) = @_;
+    my ($t,$v) = @{$tag->{'all'}};
+    unless (defined ${$final->{$input}}[0]{$t}) {
+        $$choices .= "$num, ";
+        push @{${$final->{$input}}[0]{$t}}, $v
+    }
+
+}