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#!/usr/bin/env Rscript

suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("optparse"))

option_list <- list(
    make_option(c("--adult_mortality"), action="store", dest="adult_mortality", type="integer", help="Adjustment rate for adult mortality"),
    make_option(c("--adult_accumulation"), action="store", dest="adult_accumulation", type="integer", help="Adjustment of degree-days accumulation (old nymph->adult)"),
    make_option(c("--egg_mortality"), action="store", dest="egg_mortality", type="integer", help="Adjustment rate for egg mortality"),
    make_option(c("--input"), action="store", dest="input", help="Temperature data for selected location"),
    make_option(c("--insect"), action="store", dest="insect", help="Insect name"),
    make_option(c("--insects_per_replication"), action="store", dest="insects_per_replication", type="integer", help="Number of insects with which to start each replication"),
    make_option(c("--location"), action="store", dest="location", help="Selected location"),
    make_option(c("--min_clutch_size"), action="store", dest="min_clutch_size", type="integer", help="Adjustment of minimum clutch size"),
    make_option(c("--max_clutch_size"), action="store", dest="max_clutch_size", type="integer", help="Adjustment of maximum clutch size"),
    make_option(c("--nymph_mortality"), action="store", dest="nymph_mortality", type="integer", help="Adjustment rate for nymph mortality"),
    make_option(c("--old_nymph_accumulation"), action="store", dest="old_nymph_accumulation", type="integer", help="Adjustment of degree-days accumulation (young nymph->old nymph)"),
    make_option(c("--num_days"), action="store", dest="num_days", type="integer", help="Total number of days in the temperature dataset"),
    make_option(c("--output"), action="store", dest="output", help="Output dataset"),
    make_option(c("--oviposition"), action="store", dest="oviposition", type="integer", help="Adjustment for oviposition rate"),
    make_option(c("--photoperiod"), action="store", dest="photoperiod", type="double", help="Critical photoperiod for diapause induction/termination"),
    make_option(c("--replications"), action="store", dest="replications", type="integer", help="Number of replications"),
    make_option(c("--std_error_plot"), action="store", dest="std_error_plot", help="Plot Standard error"),
    make_option(c("--young_nymph_accumulation"), action="store", dest="young_nymph_accumulation", type="integer", help="Adjustment of degree-days accumulation (egg->young nymph)")
)

parser <- OptionParser(usage="%prog [options] file", option_list=option_list)
args <- parse_args(parser, positional_arguments=TRUE)
opt <- args$options

add_daylight_length = function(temperature_data_frame, num_columns, num_rows) {
    # Return a vector of daylight length (photoperido profile) for
    # the number of days specified in the input temperature data
    # (from Forsythe 1995).
    p = 0.8333
    latitude <- temperature_data_frame$LATITUDE[1]
    daylight_length_vector <- NULL
    for (i in 1:num_rows) {
        # Get the day of the year from the current row
        # of the temperature data for computation.
        doy <- temperature_data_frame$DOY[i]
        theta <- 0.2163108 + 2 * atan(0.9671396 * tan(0.00860 * (doy - 186)))
        phi <- asin(0.39795 * cos(theta))
        # Compute the length of daylight for the day of the year.
        darkness_length <- 24 / pi * acos((sin(p * pi / 180) + sin(latitude * pi / 180) * sin(phi)) / (cos(latitude * pi / 180) * cos(phi)))
        daylight_length_vector[i] <- 24 - darkness_length
    }
    # Append daylight_length_vector as a new column to temperature_data_frame.
    temperature_data_frame[, num_columns+1] <- daylight_length_vector
    return(temperature_data_frame)
}

dev.egg = function(temperature) {
    dev.rate = -0.9843 * temperature + 33.438
    return(dev.rate)
}

dev.emerg = function(temperature) {
    emerg.rate <- -0.5332 * temperature + 24.147
    return(emerg.rate)
}

dev.old = function(temperature) {
    n34 <- -0.6119 * temperature + 17.602
    n45 <- -0.4408 * temperature + 19.036
    dev.rate = mean(n34 + n45)
    return(dev.rate)
}

dev.young = function(temperature) {
    n12 <- -0.3728 * temperature + 14.68
    n23 <- -0.6119 * temperature + 25.249
    dev.rate = mean(n12 + n23)
    return(dev.rate)
}

get_temperature_at_hour = function(latitude, temperature_data_frame, row, num_days) {
    # Base development threshold for Brown Marmolated Stink Bug
    # insect phenology model.
    threshold <- 14.17
    # Minimum temperature for current row.
    curr_min_temp <- temperature_data_frame$TMIN[row]
    # Maximum temperature for current row.
    curr_max_temp <- temperature_data_frame$TMAX[row]
    # Mean temperature for current row.
    curr_mean_temp <- 0.5 * (curr_min_temp + curr_max_temp)
    # Initialize degree day accumulation
    averages <- 0
    if (curr_max_temp < threshold) {
        averages <- 0
    }
    else {
        # Initialize hourly temperature.
        T <- NULL
        # Initialize degree hour vector.
        dh <- NULL
        # Daylight length for current row.
        y <- temperature_data_frame$DAYLEN[row]
        # Darkness length.
        z <- 24 - y
        # Lag coefficient.
        a <- 1.86
        # Darkness coefficient.
        b <- 2.20
        # Sunrise time.
        risetime <- 12 - y / 2
        # Sunset time.
        settime <- 12 + y / 2
        ts <- (curr_max_temp - curr_min_temp) * sin(pi * (settime - 5) / (y + 2 * a)) + curr_min_temp
        for (i in 1:24) {
            if (i > risetime && i < settime) {
                # Number of hours after Tmin until sunset.
                m <- i - 5
                T[i] = (curr_max_temp - curr_min_temp) * sin(pi * m / (y + 2 * a)) + curr_min_temp
                if (T[i] < 8.4) {
                    dh[i] <- 0
                }
                else {
                    dh[i] <- T[i] - 8.4
                }
            }
            else if (i > settime) {
                n <- i - settime
                T[i] = curr_min_temp + (ts - curr_min_temp) * exp( - b * n / z)
                if (T[i] < 8.4) {
                    dh[i] <- 0
                }
                else {
                    dh[i] <- T[i] - 8.4
                }
            }
            else {
                n <- i + 24 - settime
                T[i] = curr_min_temp + (ts - curr_min_temp) * exp( - b * n / z)
                if (T[i] < 8.4) {
                    dh[i] <- 0
                }
                else {
                    dh[i] <- T[i] - 8.4
                }
            }
        }
        averages <- sum(dh) / 24
    }
    return(c(curr_mean_temp, averages))
}

mortality.adult = function(temperature) {
    if (temperature < 12.7) {
        mortality.probability = 0.002
    }
    else {
        mortality.probability = temperature * 0.0005 + 0.02
    }
    return(mortality.probability)
}

mortality.egg = function(temperature) {
    if (temperature < 12.7) {
        mortality.probability = 0.8
    }
    else {
        mortality.probability = 0.8 - temperature / 40.0
        if (mortality.probability < 0) {
            mortality.probability = 0.01
        }
    }
    return(mortality.probability)
}

mortality.nymph = function(temperature) {
    if (temperature < 12.7) {
        mortality.probability = 0.03
    }
    else {
        mortality.probability = temperature * 0.0008 + 0.03
    }
    return(mortality.probability)
}

parse_input_data = function(input_file, num_rows) {
    # Read in the input temperature datafile into a data frame.
    temperature_data_frame <- read.csv(file=input_file, header=T, strip.white=TRUE, sep=",")
    num_columns <- dim(temperature_data_frame)[2]
    if (num_columns == 6) {
        # The input data has the following 6 columns:
        # LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, DATE, DOY, TMIN, TMAX
        # Set the column names for access when adding daylight length..
        colnames(temperature_data_frame) <- c("LATITUDE","LONGITUDE", "DATE", "DOY", "TMIN", "TMAX")
        # Add a column containing the daylight length for each day.
        temperature_data_frame <- add_daylight_length(temperature_data_frame, num_columns, num_rows)
        # Reset the column names with the additional column for later access.
        colnames(temperature_data_frame) <- c("LATITUDE","LONGITUDE", "DATE", "DOY", "TMIN", "TMAX", "DAYLEN")
    }
    return(temperature_data_frame)
}

render_chart = function(chart_type, insect, location, latitude, start_date, end_date, days, maxval, plot_std_error,
                        group1, group2, group3, group1_std_error, group2_std_error, group3_std_error) {
    if (chart_type == "pop_size_by_life_stage") {
        title <- paste(insect, ": Total pop. by life stage :", location, ": Lat:", latitude, ":", start_date, "-", end_date, sep=" ")
        legend_text <- c("Egg", "Nymph", "Adult")
        columns <- c(4, 2, 1)
    } else if (chart_type == "pop_size_by_generation") {
        title <- paste(insect, ": Total pop. by generation :", location, ": Lat:", latitude, ":", start_date, "-", end_date, sep=" ")
        legend_text <- c("P", "F1", "F2")
        columns <- c(1, 2, 4)
    } else if (chart_type == "adult_pop_size_by_generation") {
        title <- paste(insect, ": Adult pop. by generation :", location, ": Lat:", latitude, ":", start_date, "-", end_date, sep=" ")
        legend_text <- c("P", "F1", "F2")
        columns <- c(1, 2, 4)
    }
    plot(days, group1, main=title, type="l", ylim=c(0, maxval), axes=F, lwd=2, xlab="", ylab="", cex=3, cex.lab=3, cex.axis=3, cex.main=3)
    legend("topleft", legend_text, lty=c(1, 1, 1), col=columns, cex=3)
    lines(days, group2, lwd=2, lty=1, col=2)
    lines(days, group3, lwd=2, lty=1, col=4)
    axis(1, at=c(1:12) * 30 - 15, cex.axis=3, labels=c("Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"))
    axis(2, cex.axis=3)
    if (plot_std_error==1) {
        # Standard error for group1.
        lines(days, group1+group1_std_error, lty=2)
        lines (days, group1-group1_std_error, lty=2)
        # Standard error for group2.
        lines(days, group2+group2_std_error, col=2, lty=2)
        lines(days, group2-group2_std_error, col=2, lty=2)
        # Standard error for group3.
        lines(days, group3+group3_std_error, col=4, lty=2)
        lines(days, group3-group3_std_error, col=4, lty=2)
    }
}

temperature_data_frame <- parse_input_data(opt$input, opt$num_days)
# All latitude values are the same, so get the value from the first row.
latitude <- temperature_data_frame$LATITUDE[1]

# Initialize matrices.
Eggs.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
YoungNymphs.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
OldNymphs.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
Previtellogenic.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
Vitellogenic.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
Diapausing.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)

newborn.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
adult.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
death.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)

P.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
P_adults.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
F1.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
F1_adults.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
F2.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)
F2_adults.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)

population.replications <- matrix(rep(0, opt$num_days*opt$replications), ncol=opt$replications)

# Process replications.
for (N.replications in 1:opt$replications) {
    # Start with the user-defined number of insects per replication.
    num_insects <- opt$insects_per_replication
    # Generation, Stage, degree-days, T, Diapause.
    vector.ini <- c(0, 3, 0, 0, 0)
    # Overwintering, previttelogenic, degree-days=0, T=0, no-diapause.
    vector.matrix <- rep(vector.ini, num_insects)
    # Complete matrix for the population.
    vector.matrix <- base::t(matrix(vector.matrix, nrow=5))
    # Time series of population size.
    Eggs <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    YoungNymphs <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    OldNymphs <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    Previtellogenic <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    Vitellogenic <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    Diapausing <- rep(0, opt$num_days)

    N.newborn <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    N.adult <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    N.death <- rep(0, opt$num_days)

    overwintering_adult.population <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    first_generation.population <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    second_generation.population <- rep(0, opt$num_days)

    P.adult <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    F1.adult <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    F2.adult <- rep(0, opt$num_days)

    total.population <- NULL

    averages.day <- rep(0, opt$num_days)
    # All the days included in the input temperature dataset.
    for (row in 1:opt$num_days) {
        # Get the integer day of the year for the current row.
        doy <- temperature_data_frame$DOY[row]
        # Photoperiod in the day.
        photoperiod <- temperature_data_frame$DAYLEN[row]
        temp.profile <- get_temperature_at_hour(latitude, temperature_data_frame, row, opt$num_days)
        mean.temp <- temp.profile[1]
        averages.temp <- temp.profile[2]
        averages.day[row] <- averages.temp
        # Trash bin for death.
        death.vector <- NULL
        # Newborn.
        birth.vector <- NULL
        # All individuals.
        for (i in 1:num_insects) {
            # Individual record.
            vector.individual <- vector.matrix[i,]
            # Adjustment for late season mortality rate (still alive?).
            if (latitude < 40.0) {
                post.mortality <- 1
                day.kill <- 300
            }
            else {
                post.mortality <- 2
                day.kill <- 250
            }
            if (vector.individual[2] == 0) {
                # Egg.
                death.probability = opt$egg_mortality * mortality.egg(mean.temp)
            }
            else if (vector.individual[2] == 1 | vector.individual[2] == 2) {
                death.probability = opt$nymph_mortality * mortality.nymph(mean.temp)
            }
            else if (vector.individual[2] == 3 | vector.individual[2] == 4 | vector.individual[2] == 5) {
                # Adult.
                if (doy < day.kill) {
                    death.probability = opt$adult_mortality * mortality.adult(mean.temp)
                }
                else {
                    # Increase adult mortality after fall equinox.
                    death.probability = opt$adult_mortality * post.mortality * mortality.adult(mean.temp)
                }
            }
            # Dependent on temperature and life stage?
            u.d <- runif(1)
            if (u.d < death.probability) {
                death.vector <- c(death.vector, i)
            }
            else {
                # End of diapause.
                if (vector.individual[1] == 0 && vector.individual[2] == 3) {
                    # Overwintering adult (previttelogenic).
                    if (photoperiod > opt$photoperiod && vector.individual[3] > 68 && doy < 180) {
                        # Add 68C to become fully reproductively matured.
                        # Transfer to vittelogenic.
                        vector.individual <- c(0, 4, 0, 0, 0)
                        vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                    }
                    else {
                        # Add to # Add average temperature for current day.
                        vector.individual[3] <- vector.individual[3] + averages.temp
                        # Add 1 day in current stage.
                        vector.individual[4] <- vector.individual[4] + 1
                        vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                    }
                }
                if (vector.individual[1] != 0 && vector.individual[2] == 3) {
                    # Not overwintering adult (previttelogenic).
                    current.gen <- vector.individual[1]
                    if (vector.individual[3] > 68) {
                        # Add 68C to become fully reproductively matured.
                        # Transfer to vittelogenic.
                        vector.individual <- c(current.gen, 4, 0, 0, 0)
                        vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                    }
                    else {
                        # Add average temperature for current day.
                        vector.individual[3] <- vector.individual[3] + averages.temp
                        # Add 1 day in current stage.
                        vector.individual[4] <- vector.individual[4] + 1
                        vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                    }
                }
                # Oviposition -- where population dynamics comes from.
                if (vector.individual[2] == 4 && vector.individual[1] == 0 && mean.temp > 10) {
                    # Vittelogenic stage, overwintering generation.
                    if (vector.individual[4] == 0) {
                        # Just turned in vittelogenic stage.
                        num_insects.birth = round(runif(1, 2 + opt$min_clutch_size, 8 + opt$max_clutch_size))
                    }
                    else {
                        # Daily probability of birth.
                        p.birth = opt$oviposition * 0.01
                        u1 <- runif(1)
                        if (u1 < p.birth) {
                            num_insects.birth = round(runif(1, 2, 8))
                        }
                    }
                    # Add average temperature for current day.
                    vector.individual[3] <- vector.individual[3] + averages.temp
                    # Add 1 day in current stage.
                    vector.individual[4] <- vector.individual[4] + 1
                    vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                    if (num_insects.birth > 0) {
                        # Add new birth -- might be in different generations.
                        new.gen <- vector.individual[1] + 1
                        # Egg profile.
                        new.individual <- c(new.gen, 0, 0, 0, 0)
                        new.vector <- rep(new.individual, num_insects.birth)
                        # Update batch of egg profile.
                        new.vector <- t(matrix(new.vector, nrow=5))
                        # Group with total eggs laid in that day.
                        birth.vector <- rbind(birth.vector, new.vector)
                    }
                }
                # Oviposition -- for generation 1.
                if (vector.individual[2] == 4 && vector.individual[1] == 1 && mean.temp > 12.5 && doy < 222) {
                    # Vittelogenic stage, 1st generation
                    if (vector.individual[4] == 0) {
                        # Just turned in vittelogenic stage.
                        num_insects.birth = round(runif(1, 2+opt$min_clutch_size, 8+opt$max_clutch_size))
                    }
                    else {
                        # Daily probability of birth.
                        p.birth = opt$oviposition * 0.01
                        u1 <- runif(1)
                        if (u1 < p.birth) {
                            num_insects.birth = round(runif(1, 2, 8))
                        }
                    }
                    # Add average temperature for current day.
                    vector.individual[3] <- vector.individual[3] + averages.temp
                    # Add 1 day in current stage.
                    vector.individual[4] <- vector.individual[4] + 1
                    vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                    if (num_insects.birth > 0) {
                        # Add new birth -- might be in different generations.
                        new.gen <- vector.individual[1] + 1
                        # Egg profile.
                        new.individual <- c(new.gen, 0, 0, 0, 0)
                        new.vector <- rep(new.individual, num_insects.birth)
                        # Update batch of egg profile.
                        new.vector <- t(matrix(new.vector, nrow=5))
                        # Group with total eggs laid in that day.
                        birth.vector <- rbind(birth.vector, new.vector)
                    }
                }
                # Egg to young nymph.
                if (vector.individual[2] == 0) {
                    # Add average temperature for current day.
                    vector.individual[3] <- vector.individual[3] + averages.temp
                    if (vector.individual[3] >= (68+opt$young_nymph_accumulation)) {
                        # From egg to young nymph, degree-days requirement met.
                        current.gen <- vector.individual[1]
                        # Transfer to young nymph stage.
                        vector.individual <- c(current.gen, 1, 0, 0, 0)
                    }
                    else {
                        # Add 1 day in current stage.
                        vector.individual[4] <- vector.individual[4] + 1
                    }
                    vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                }
                # Young nymph to old nymph.
                if (vector.individual[2] == 1) {
                    # Add average temperature for current day.
                    vector.individual[3] <- vector.individual[3] + averages.temp
                    if (vector.individual[3] >= (250+opt$old_nymph_accumulation)) {
                        # From young to old nymph, degree_days requirement met.
                        current.gen <- vector.individual[1]
                        # Transfer to old nym stage.
                        vector.individual <- c(current.gen, 2, 0, 0, 0)
                        if (photoperiod < opt$photoperiod && doy > 180) {
                            vector.individual[5] <- 1
                        } # Prepare for diapausing.
                    }
                    else {
                        # Add 1 day in current stage.
                        vector.individual[4] <- vector.individual[4] + 1
                    }
                    vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                }
                # Old nymph to adult: previttelogenic or diapausing?
                if (vector.individual[2] == 2) {
                    # Add average temperature for current day.
                    vector.individual[3] <- vector.individual[3] + averages.temp
                    if (vector.individual[3] >= (200+opt$adult_accumulation)) {
                        # From old to adult, degree_days requirement met.
                        current.gen <- vector.individual[1]
                        if (vector.individual[5] == 0) {
                            # Previttelogenic.
                            vector.individual <- c(current.gen, 3, 0, 0, 0)
                        }
                        else {
                            # Diapausing.
                            vector.individual <- c(current.gen, 5, 0, 0, 1)
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        # Add 1 day in current stage.
                        vector.individual[4] <- vector.individual[4] + 1
                    }
                    vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                }
                # Growing of diapausing adult (unimportant, but still necessary).
                if (vector.individual[2] == 5) {
                    vector.individual[3] <- vector.individual[3] + averages.temp
                    vector.individual[4] <- vector.individual[4] + 1
                    vector.matrix[i,] <- vector.individual
                }
            } # Else if it is still alive.
        } # End of the individual bug loop.

        # Number of deaths.
        num_insects.death <- length(death.vector)
        if (num_insects.death > 0) {
            # Remove record of dead.
            vector.matrix <- vector.matrix[-death.vector, ]
        }
        # Number of births.
        num_insects.newborn <- length(birth.vector[,1])
        vector.matrix <- rbind(vector.matrix, birth.vector)
        # Update population size for the next day.
        num_insects <- num_insects - num_insects.death + num_insects.newborn

        # Aggregate results by day.
        # Egg population size.
        Eggs[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,2]==0)
        # Young nymph population size.
        YoungNymphs[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,2]==1)
        # Old nymph population size.
        OldNymphs[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,2]==2)
        # Previtellogenic population size.
        Previtellogenic[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,2]==3)
        # Vitellogenic population size.
        Vitellogenic[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,2]==4)
        # Diapausing population size.
        Diapausing[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,2]==5)

        # Newborn population size.
        N.newborn[row] <- num_insects.newborn
        # Adult population size.
        N.adult[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,2]==3) + sum(vector.matrix[,2]==4) + sum(vector.matrix[,2]==5)
        # Dead population size.
        N.death[row] <- num_insects.death

        total.population <- c(total.population, num_insects)

        # Overwintering adult population size.
        overwintering_adult.population[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,1]==0)
        # First generation population size.
        first_generation.population[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,1]==1)
        # Second generation population size.
        second_generation.population[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,1]==2)

        # P adult population size.
        P.adult[row] <- sum(vector.matrix[,1]==0)
        # F1 adult population size.
        F1.adult[row] <- sum((vector.matrix[,1]==1 & vector.matrix[,2]==3) | (vector.matrix[,1]==1 & vector.matrix[,2]==4) | (vector.matrix[,1]==1 & vector.matrix[,2]==5))
        # F2 adult population size
        F2.adult[row] <- sum((vector.matrix[,1]==2 & vector.matrix[,2]==3) | (vector.matrix[,1]==2 & vector.matrix[,2]==4) | (vector.matrix[,1]==2 & vector.matrix[,2]==5))
    }   # End of days specified in the input temperature data.

    averages.cum <- cumsum(averages.day)

    # Define the output values.
    Eggs.replications[,N.replications] <- Eggs
    YoungNymphs.replications[,N.replications] <- YoungNymphs
    OldNymphs.replications[,N.replications] <- OldNymphs
    Previtellogenic.replications[,N.replications] <- Previtellogenic
    Vitellogenic.replications[,N.replications] <- Vitellogenic
    Diapausing.replications[,N.replications] <- Diapausing

    newborn.replications[,N.replications] <- N.newborn
    adult.replications[,N.replications] <- N.adult
    death.replications[,N.replications] <- N.death

    P.replications[,N.replications] <- overwintering_adult.population
    P_adults.replications[,N.replications] <- P.adult
    F1.replications[,N.replications] <- first_generation.population
    F1_adults.replications[,N.replications] <- F1.adult
    F2.replications[,N.replications] <- second_generation.population
    F2_adults.replications[,N.replications] <- F2.adult

    population.replications[,N.replications] <- total.population
}

# Mean value for eggs.
eggs <- apply(Eggs.replications, 1, mean)
# Standard error for eggs.
eggs.std_error <- apply(Eggs.replications, 1, sd) / sqrt(opt$replications)

# Mean value for nymphs.
nymphs <- apply((YoungNymphs.replications+OldNymphs.replications), 1, mean)
# Standard error for nymphs.
nymphs.std_error <- apply((YoungNymphs.replications+OldNymphs.replications) / sqrt(opt$replications), 1, sd)

# Mean value for adults.
adults <- apply((Previtellogenic.replications+Vitellogenic.replications+Diapausing.replications), 1, mean)
# Standard error for adults.
adults.std_error <- apply((Previtellogenic.replications+Vitellogenic.replications+Diapausing.replications), 1, sd) / sqrt(opt$replications)

# Mean value for P.
P <- apply(P.replications, 1, mean)
# Standard error for P.
P.std_error <- apply(P.replications, 1, sd) / sqrt(opt$replications)

# Mean value for P adults.
P_adults <- apply(P_adults.replications, 1, mean)
# Standard error for P_adult.
P_adults.std_error <- apply(P_adults.replications, 1, sd) / sqrt(opt$replications)

# Mean value for F1.
F1 <- apply(F1.replications, 1, mean)
# Standard error for F1.
F1.std_error <- apply(F1.replications, 1, sd) / sqrt(opt$replications)

# Mean value for F1 adults.
F1_adults <- apply(F1_adults.replications, 1, mean)
# Standard error for F1 adult.
F1_adults.std_error <- apply(F1_adults.replications, 1, sd) / sqrt(opt$replications)

# Mean value for F2.
F2 <- apply(F2.replications, 1, mean)
# Standard error for F2.
F2.std_error <- apply(F2.replications, 1, sd) / sqrt(opt$replications)

# Mean value for F2 adults.
F2_adults <- apply(F2_adults.replications, 1, mean)
# Standard error for F2 adult.
F2_adults.std_error <- apply(F2_adults.replications, 1, sd) / sqrt(opt$replications)

# Display the total number of days in the Galaxy history item blurb.
cat("Number of days: ", opt$num_days, "\n")

dev.new(width=20, height=30)

# Start PDF device driver to save charts to output.
pdf(file=opt$output, width=20, height=30, bg="white")
par(mar=c(5, 6, 4, 4), mfrow=c(3, 1))

# Data analysis and visualization plots only within a single calendar year.
days <- c(1:opt$num_days)
start_date <- temperature_data_frame$DATE[1]
end_date <- temperature_data_frame$DATE[opt$num_days]

# Subfigure 1: population size by life stage.
maxval <- max(eggs+eggs.std_error, nymphs+nymphs.std_error, adults+adults.std_error)
render_chart("pop_size_by_life_stage", opt$insect, opt$location, latitude, start_date, end_date, days, maxval,
             opt$std_error_plot, adults, nymphs, eggs, adults.std_error, nymphs.std_error, eggs.std_error)
# Subfigure 2: population size by generation.
maxval <- max(F2)
render_chart("pop_size_by_generation", opt$insect, opt$location, latitude, start_date, end_date, days, maxval,
             opt$std_error_plot, P, F1, F2, P.std_error, F1.std_error, F2.std_error)
# Subfigure 3: adult population size by generation.
maxval <- max(F2_adults) + 100
render_chart("adult_pop_size_by_generation", opt$insect, opt$location, latitude, start_date, end_date, days, maxval,
             opt$std_error_plot, P_adults, F1_adults, F2_adults, P_adults.std_error, F1_adults.std_error, F2_adults.std_error)

# Turn off device driver to flush output.
dev.off()