annotate env/lib/python3.9/site-packages/networkx/algorithms/centrality/betweenness.py @ 0:4f3585e2f14b draft default tip

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date Mon, 22 Mar 2021 18:12:50 +0000
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1 """Betweenness centrality measures."""
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2 from heapq import heappush, heappop
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3 from itertools import count
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4 import warnings
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5
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6 from networkx.utils import py_random_state
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7 from networkx.utils.decorators import not_implemented_for
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8
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9 __all__ = ["betweenness_centrality", "edge_betweenness_centrality", "edge_betweenness"]
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10
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11
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12 @py_random_state(5)
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13 @not_implemented_for("multigraph")
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14 def betweenness_centrality(
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15 G, k=None, normalized=True, weight=None, endpoints=False, seed=None
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16 ):
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17 r"""Compute the shortest-path betweenness centrality for nodes.
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18
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19 Betweenness centrality of a node $v$ is the sum of the
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20 fraction of all-pairs shortest paths that pass through $v$
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21
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22 .. math::
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23
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24 c_B(v) =\sum_{s,t \in V} \frac{\sigma(s, t|v)}{\sigma(s, t)}
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25
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26 where $V$ is the set of nodes, $\sigma(s, t)$ is the number of
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27 shortest $(s, t)$-paths, and $\sigma(s, t|v)$ is the number of
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28 those paths passing through some node $v$ other than $s, t$.
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29 If $s = t$, $\sigma(s, t) = 1$, and if $v \in {s, t}$,
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30 $\sigma(s, t|v) = 0$ [2]_.
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31
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32 Parameters
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33 ----------
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34 G : graph
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35 A NetworkX graph.
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36
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37 k : int, optional (default=None)
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38 If k is not None use k node samples to estimate betweenness.
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39 The value of k <= n where n is the number of nodes in the graph.
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40 Higher values give better approximation.
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41
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42 normalized : bool, optional
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43 If True the betweenness values are normalized by `2/((n-1)(n-2))`
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44 for graphs, and `1/((n-1)(n-2))` for directed graphs where `n`
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45 is the number of nodes in G.
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46
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47 weight : None or string, optional (default=None)
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48 If None, all edge weights are considered equal.
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49 Otherwise holds the name of the edge attribute used as weight.
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50
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51 endpoints : bool, optional
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52 If True include the endpoints in the shortest path counts.
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53
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54 seed : integer, random_state, or None (default)
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55 Indicator of random number generation state.
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56 See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`.
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57 Note that this is only used if k is not None.
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58
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59 Returns
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60 -------
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61 nodes : dictionary
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62 Dictionary of nodes with betweenness centrality as the value.
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63
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64 See Also
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65 --------
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66 edge_betweenness_centrality
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67 load_centrality
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68
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69 Notes
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70 -----
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71 The algorithm is from Ulrik Brandes [1]_.
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72 See [4]_ for the original first published version and [2]_ for details on
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73 algorithms for variations and related metrics.
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74
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75 For approximate betweenness calculations set k=#samples to use
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76 k nodes ("pivots") to estimate the betweenness values. For an estimate
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77 of the number of pivots needed see [3]_.
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78
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79 For weighted graphs the edge weights must be greater than zero.
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80 Zero edge weights can produce an infinite number of equal length
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81 paths between pairs of nodes.
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82
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83 The total number of paths between source and target is counted
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84 differently for directed and undirected graphs. Directed paths
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85 are easy to count. Undirected paths are tricky: should a path
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86 from "u" to "v" count as 1 undirected path or as 2 directed paths?
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87
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88 For betweenness_centrality we report the number of undirected
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89 paths when G is undirected.
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90
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91 For betweenness_centrality_subset the reporting is different.
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92 If the source and target subsets are the same, then we want
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93 to count undirected paths. But if the source and target subsets
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94 differ -- for example, if sources is {0} and targets is {1},
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95 then we are only counting the paths in one direction. They are
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96 undirected paths but we are counting them in a directed way.
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97 To count them as undirected paths, each should count as half a path.
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98
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99 References
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100 ----------
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101 .. [1] Ulrik Brandes:
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102 A Faster Algorithm for Betweenness Centrality.
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103 Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25(2):163-177, 2001.
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104 http://www.inf.uni-konstanz.de/algo/publications/b-fabc-01.pdf
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105 .. [2] Ulrik Brandes:
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106 On Variants of Shortest-Path Betweenness
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107 Centrality and their Generic Computation.
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108 Social Networks 30(2):136-145, 2008.
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109 http://www.inf.uni-konstanz.de/algo/publications/b-vspbc-08.pdf
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110 .. [3] Ulrik Brandes and Christian Pich:
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111 Centrality Estimation in Large Networks.
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112 International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 17(7):2303-2318, 2007.
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113 http://www.inf.uni-konstanz.de/algo/publications/bp-celn-06.pdf
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114 .. [4] Linton C. Freeman:
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115 A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness.
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116 Sociometry 40: 35–41, 1977
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117 http://moreno.ss.uci.edu/23.pdf
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118 """
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119 betweenness = dict.fromkeys(G, 0.0) # b[v]=0 for v in G
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120 if k is None:
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121 nodes = G
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122 else:
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123 nodes = seed.sample(G.nodes(), k)
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124 for s in nodes:
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125 # single source shortest paths
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126 if weight is None: # use BFS
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127 S, P, sigma = _single_source_shortest_path_basic(G, s)
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128 else: # use Dijkstra's algorithm
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129 S, P, sigma = _single_source_dijkstra_path_basic(G, s, weight)
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130 # accumulation
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131 if endpoints:
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132 betweenness = _accumulate_endpoints(betweenness, S, P, sigma, s)
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133 else:
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134 betweenness = _accumulate_basic(betweenness, S, P, sigma, s)
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135 # rescaling
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136 betweenness = _rescale(
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137 betweenness,
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138 len(G),
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139 normalized=normalized,
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140 directed=G.is_directed(),
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141 k=k,
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142 endpoints=endpoints,
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143 )
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144 return betweenness
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145
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146
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147 @py_random_state(4)
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148 def edge_betweenness_centrality(G, k=None, normalized=True, weight=None, seed=None):
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149 r"""Compute betweenness centrality for edges.
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150
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151 Betweenness centrality of an edge $e$ is the sum of the
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152 fraction of all-pairs shortest paths that pass through $e$
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153
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154 .. math::
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155
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156 c_B(e) =\sum_{s,t \in V} \frac{\sigma(s, t|e)}{\sigma(s, t)}
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157
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158 where $V$ is the set of nodes, $\sigma(s, t)$ is the number of
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159 shortest $(s, t)$-paths, and $\sigma(s, t|e)$ is the number of
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160 those paths passing through edge $e$ [2]_.
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161
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162 Parameters
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163 ----------
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164 G : graph
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165 A NetworkX graph.
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166
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167 k : int, optional (default=None)
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168 If k is not None use k node samples to estimate betweenness.
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169 The value of k <= n where n is the number of nodes in the graph.
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170 Higher values give better approximation.
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171
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172 normalized : bool, optional
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173 If True the betweenness values are normalized by $2/(n(n-1))$
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174 for graphs, and $1/(n(n-1))$ for directed graphs where $n$
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175 is the number of nodes in G.
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176
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177 weight : None or string, optional (default=None)
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178 If None, all edge weights are considered equal.
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179 Otherwise holds the name of the edge attribute used as weight.
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180
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181 seed : integer, random_state, or None (default)
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182 Indicator of random number generation state.
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183 See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`.
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184 Note that this is only used if k is not None.
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185
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186 Returns
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187 -------
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188 edges : dictionary
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189 Dictionary of edges with betweenness centrality as the value.
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190
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191 See Also
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192 --------
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193 betweenness_centrality
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194 edge_load
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195
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196 Notes
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197 -----
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198 The algorithm is from Ulrik Brandes [1]_.
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199
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200 For weighted graphs the edge weights must be greater than zero.
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201 Zero edge weights can produce an infinite number of equal length
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202 paths between pairs of nodes.
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203
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204 References
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205 ----------
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206 .. [1] A Faster Algorithm for Betweenness Centrality. Ulrik Brandes,
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207 Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25(2):163-177, 2001.
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208 http://www.inf.uni-konstanz.de/algo/publications/b-fabc-01.pdf
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209 .. [2] Ulrik Brandes: On Variants of Shortest-Path Betweenness
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210 Centrality and their Generic Computation.
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211 Social Networks 30(2):136-145, 2008.
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212 http://www.inf.uni-konstanz.de/algo/publications/b-vspbc-08.pdf
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213 """
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214 betweenness = dict.fromkeys(G, 0.0) # b[v]=0 for v in G
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215 # b[e]=0 for e in G.edges()
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216 betweenness.update(dict.fromkeys(G.edges(), 0.0))
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217 if k is None:
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218 nodes = G
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219 else:
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220 nodes = seed.sample(G.nodes(), k)
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221 for s in nodes:
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222 # single source shortest paths
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223 if weight is None: # use BFS
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224 S, P, sigma = _single_source_shortest_path_basic(G, s)
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225 else: # use Dijkstra's algorithm
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226 S, P, sigma = _single_source_dijkstra_path_basic(G, s, weight)
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227 # accumulation
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228 betweenness = _accumulate_edges(betweenness, S, P, sigma, s)
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229 # rescaling
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230 for n in G: # remove nodes to only return edges
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231 del betweenness[n]
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232 betweenness = _rescale_e(
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233 betweenness, len(G), normalized=normalized, directed=G.is_directed()
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234 )
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235 return betweenness
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236
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237
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238 # obsolete name
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239 def edge_betweenness(G, k=None, normalized=True, weight=None, seed=None):
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240 warnings.warn(
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241 "edge_betweeness is replaced by edge_betweenness_centrality", DeprecationWarning
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242 )
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243 return edge_betweenness_centrality(G, k, normalized, weight, seed)
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244
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245
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246 # helpers for betweenness centrality
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247
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248
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249 def _single_source_shortest_path_basic(G, s):
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250 S = []
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251 P = {}
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252 for v in G:
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253 P[v] = []
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254 sigma = dict.fromkeys(G, 0.0) # sigma[v]=0 for v in G
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255 D = {}
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256 sigma[s] = 1.0
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257 D[s] = 0
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258 Q = [s]
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259 while Q: # use BFS to find shortest paths
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260 v = Q.pop(0)
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261 S.append(v)
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262 Dv = D[v]
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263 sigmav = sigma[v]
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264 for w in G[v]:
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265 if w not in D:
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266 Q.append(w)
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267 D[w] = Dv + 1
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268 if D[w] == Dv + 1: # this is a shortest path, count paths
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269 sigma[w] += sigmav
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270 P[w].append(v) # predecessors
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271 return S, P, sigma
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272
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273
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274 def _single_source_dijkstra_path_basic(G, s, weight):
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275 # modified from Eppstein
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276 S = []
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277 P = {}
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278 for v in G:
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279 P[v] = []
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280 sigma = dict.fromkeys(G, 0.0) # sigma[v]=0 for v in G
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281 D = {}
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282 sigma[s] = 1.0
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parents:
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283 push = heappush
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284 pop = heappop
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285 seen = {s: 0}
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286 c = count()
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287 Q = [] # use Q as heap with (distance,node id) tuples
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288 push(Q, (0, next(c), s, s))
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289 while Q:
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290 (dist, _, pred, v) = pop(Q)
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291 if v in D:
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292 continue # already searched this node.
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293 sigma[v] += sigma[pred] # count paths
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294 S.append(v)
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295 D[v] = dist
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296 for w, edgedata in G[v].items():
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297 vw_dist = dist + edgedata.get(weight, 1)
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298 if w not in D and (w not in seen or vw_dist < seen[w]):
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299 seen[w] = vw_dist
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300 push(Q, (vw_dist, next(c), v, w))
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301 sigma[w] = 0.0
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302 P[w] = [v]
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303 elif vw_dist == seen[w]: # handle equal paths
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304 sigma[w] += sigma[v]
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305 P[w].append(v)
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306 return S, P, sigma
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307
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308
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309 def _accumulate_basic(betweenness, S, P, sigma, s):
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310 delta = dict.fromkeys(S, 0)
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311 while S:
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312 w = S.pop()
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313 coeff = (1 + delta[w]) / sigma[w]
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314 for v in P[w]:
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315 delta[v] += sigma[v] * coeff
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316 if w != s:
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317 betweenness[w] += delta[w]
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318 return betweenness
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319
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320
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321 def _accumulate_endpoints(betweenness, S, P, sigma, s):
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322 betweenness[s] += len(S) - 1
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323 delta = dict.fromkeys(S, 0)
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324 while S:
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325 w = S.pop()
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326 coeff = (1 + delta[w]) / sigma[w]
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327 for v in P[w]:
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328 delta[v] += sigma[v] * coeff
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329 if w != s:
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330 betweenness[w] += delta[w] + 1
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331 return betweenness
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332
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333
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334 def _accumulate_edges(betweenness, S, P, sigma, s):
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335 delta = dict.fromkeys(S, 0)
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336 while S:
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337 w = S.pop()
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338 coeff = (1 + delta[w]) / sigma[w]
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339 for v in P[w]:
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340 c = sigma[v] * coeff
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341 if (v, w) not in betweenness:
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342 betweenness[(w, v)] += c
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343 else:
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344 betweenness[(v, w)] += c
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345 delta[v] += c
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346 if w != s:
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347 betweenness[w] += delta[w]
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348 return betweenness
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349
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350
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351 def _rescale(betweenness, n, normalized, directed=False, k=None, endpoints=False):
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352 if normalized:
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353 if endpoints:
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354 if n < 2:
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355 scale = None # no normalization
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356 else:
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357 # Scale factor should include endpoint nodes
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358 scale = 1 / (n * (n - 1))
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359 elif n <= 2:
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360 scale = None # no normalization b=0 for all nodes
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361 else:
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362 scale = 1 / ((n - 1) * (n - 2))
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363 else: # rescale by 2 for undirected graphs
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364 if not directed:
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365 scale = 0.5
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366 else:
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367 scale = None
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368 if scale is not None:
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parents:
diff changeset
369 if k is not None:
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370 scale = scale * n / k
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371 for v in betweenness:
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372 betweenness[v] *= scale
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373 return betweenness
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374
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375
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376 def _rescale_e(betweenness, n, normalized, directed=False, k=None):
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377 if normalized:
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diff changeset
378 if n <= 1:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
379 scale = None # no normalization b=0 for all nodes
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
380 else:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
381 scale = 1 / (n * (n - 1))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
382 else: # rescale by 2 for undirected graphs
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
383 if not directed:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
384 scale = 0.5
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
385 else:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
386 scale = None
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
387 if scale is not None:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
388 if k is not None:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
389 scale = scale * n / k
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
390 for v in betweenness:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
391 betweenness[v] *= scale
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
392 return betweenness