annotate ezBAMQC/src/htslib/cram/cram_encode.c @ 17:161866cee2a2

wrapper rename

/*
Copyright (c) 2012-2013 Genome Research Ltd.
Author: James Bonfield <[e-mail]>

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, 
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, 
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation 
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

   3. Neither the names Genome Research Ltd and Wellcome Trust Sanger
Institute nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GENOME RESEARCH LTD AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND 
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED 
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE 
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GENOME RESEARCH LTD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "io_lib_config.h"
#endif

#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <zlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <ctype.h>

#include "cram/cram.h"
#include "cram/os.h"
#include "cram/md5.h"

#define Z_CRAM_STRAT Z_FILTERED
//#define Z_CRAM_STRAT Z_RLE
//#define Z_CRAM_STRAT Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY
//#define Z_CRAM_STRAT Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY

static int process_one_read(cram_fd *fd, cram_container *c,
			    cram_slice *s, cram_record *cr,
			    bam_seq_t *b, int rnum);

/*
 * Returns index of val into key.
 * Basically strchr(key, val)-key;
 */
static int sub_idx(char *key, char val) {
    int i;

    for (i = 0; *key && *key++ != val; i++);
    return i;
}

/*
 * Encodes a compression header block into a generic cram_block structure.
 *
 * Returns cram_block ptr on success
 *         NULL on failure
 */
cram_block *cram_encode_compression_header(cram_fd *fd, cram_container *c,
					   cram_block_compression_hdr *h) {
    cram_block *cb  = cram_new_block(COMPRESSION_HEADER, 0);
    cram_block *map = cram_new_block(COMPRESSION_HEADER, 0);
    int i, mc;

    if (!cb || !map)
	return NULL;

    /*
     * This is a concatenation of several blocks of data:
     * header + landmarks, preservation map, read encoding map, and the tag
     * encoding map.
     * All 4 are variable sized and we need to know how large these are
     * before creating the compression header itself as this starts with
     * the total size (stored as a variable length string).
     */

    // Duplicated from container itself, and removed in 1.1
    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 1) {
	itf8_put_blk(cb, h->ref_seq_id);
	itf8_put_blk(cb, h->ref_seq_start);
	itf8_put_blk(cb, h->ref_seq_span);
	itf8_put_blk(cb, h->num_records);
	itf8_put_blk(cb, h->num_landmarks);
	for (i = 0; i < h->num_landmarks; i++) {
	    itf8_put_blk(cb, h->landmark[i]);
	}
    }

    /* Create in-memory preservation map */
    /* FIXME: should create this when we create the container */
    {
	khint_t k;
	int r;

	if (!(h->preservation_map = kh_init(map)))
	    return NULL;

	k = kh_put(map, h->preservation_map, "RN", &r);
	if (-1 == r) return NULL;
	kh_val(h->preservation_map, k).i = 1;

	if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 1) {
	    k = kh_put(map, h->preservation_map, "PI", &r);
	    if (-1 == r) return NULL;
	    kh_val(h->preservation_map, k).i = 0;

	    k = kh_put(map, h->preservation_map, "UI", &r);
	    if (-1 == r) return NULL;
	    kh_val(h->preservation_map, k).i = 1;

	    k = kh_put(map, h->preservation_map, "MI", &r);
	    if (-1 == r) return NULL;
	    kh_val(h->preservation_map, k).i = 1;

	} else {
	    // Technically SM was in 1.0, but wasn't in Java impl.
	    k = kh_put(map, h->preservation_map, "SM", &r);
	    if (-1 == r) return NULL;
	    kh_val(h->preservation_map, k).i = 0;

	    k = kh_put(map, h->preservation_map, "TD", &r);
	    if (-1 == r) return NULL;
	    kh_val(h->preservation_map, k).i = 0;

	    k = kh_put(map, h->preservation_map, "AP", &r);
	    if (-1 == r) return NULL;
	    kh_val(h->preservation_map, k).i = c->pos_sorted;

	    if (fd->no_ref || fd->embed_ref) {
		// Reference Required == No
		k = kh_put(map, h->preservation_map, "RR", &r);
		if (-1 == r) return NULL;
		kh_val(h->preservation_map, k).i = 0;
	    }
	}
    }

    /* Encode preservation map; could collapse this and above into one */
    mc = 0;
    BLOCK_SIZE(map) = 0;
    if (h->preservation_map) {
	khint_t k;

	for (k = kh_begin(h->preservation_map);
	     k != kh_end(h->preservation_map);
	     k++) {
	    const char *key;
	    khash_t(map) *pmap = h->preservation_map;


	    if (!kh_exist(pmap, k))
		continue;

	    key = kh_key(pmap, k);
	    BLOCK_APPEND(map, key, 2);

	    switch(CRAM_KEY(key[0], key[1])) {
	    case CRAM_KEY('M','I'):
		BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(map, kh_val(pmap, k).i);
		break;

	    case CRAM_KEY('U','I'):
		BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(map, kh_val(pmap, k).i);
		break;

	    case CRAM_KEY('P','I'):
		BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(map, kh_val(pmap, k).i);
		break;

	    case CRAM_KEY('A','P'):
		BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(map, kh_val(pmap, k).i);
		break;

	    case CRAM_KEY('R','N'):
		BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(map, kh_val(pmap, k).i);
		break;

	    case CRAM_KEY('R','R'):
		BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(map, kh_val(pmap, k).i);
		break;

	    case CRAM_KEY('S','M'): {
		char smat[5], *mp = smat;
		*mp++ =
		    (sub_idx("CGTN", h->substitution_matrix[0][0]) << 6) |
		    (sub_idx("CGTN", h->substitution_matrix[0][1]) << 4) |
		    (sub_idx("CGTN", h->substitution_matrix[0][2]) << 2) |
		    (sub_idx("CGTN", h->substitution_matrix[0][3]) << 0);
		*mp++ =
		    (sub_idx("AGTN", h->substitution_matrix[1][0]) << 6) |
		    (sub_idx("AGTN", h->substitution_matrix[1][1]) << 4) |
		    (sub_idx("AGTN", h->substitution_matrix[1][2]) << 2) |
		    (sub_idx("AGTN", h->substitution_matrix[1][3]) << 0);
		*mp++ =
		    (sub_idx("ACTN", h->substitution_matrix[2][0]) << 6) |
		    (sub_idx("ACTN", h->substitution_matrix[2][1]) << 4) |
		    (sub_idx("ACTN", h->substitution_matrix[2][2]) << 2) |
		    (sub_idx("ACTN", h->substitution_matrix[2][3]) << 0);
		*mp++ =
		    (sub_idx("ACGN", h->substitution_matrix[3][0]) << 6) |
		    (sub_idx("ACGN", h->substitution_matrix[3][1]) << 4) |
		    (sub_idx("ACGN", h->substitution_matrix[3][2]) << 2) |
		    (sub_idx("ACGN", h->substitution_matrix[3][3]) << 0);
		*mp++ =
		    (sub_idx("ACGT", h->substitution_matrix[4][0]) << 6) |
		    (sub_idx("ACGT", h->substitution_matrix[4][1]) << 4) |
		    (sub_idx("ACGT", h->substitution_matrix[4][2]) << 2) |
		    (sub_idx("ACGT", h->substitution_matrix[4][3]) << 0);
		BLOCK_APPEND(map, smat, 5);
		break;
	    }

	    case CRAM_KEY('T','D'): {
		itf8_put_blk(map, BLOCK_SIZE(h->TD_blk));
		BLOCK_APPEND(map,
			     BLOCK_DATA(h->TD_blk),
			     BLOCK_SIZE(h->TD_blk));
		break;
	    }

	    default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unknown preservation key '%.2s'\n", key);
		break;
	    }

	    mc++;
        }
    }
    itf8_put_blk(cb, BLOCK_SIZE(map) + itf8_size(mc));
    itf8_put_blk(cb, mc);    
    BLOCK_APPEND(cb, BLOCK_DATA(map), BLOCK_SIZE(map));
    
    /* rec encoding map */
    mc = 0;
    BLOCK_SIZE(map) = 0;
    if (h->codecs[DS_BF]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_BF]->store(h->codecs[DS_BF], map, "BF",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_CF]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_CF]->store(h->codecs[DS_CF], map, "CF",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_RL]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_RL]->store(h->codecs[DS_RL], map, "RL",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_AP]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_AP]->store(h->codecs[DS_AP], map, "AP",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_RG]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_RG]->store(h->codecs[DS_RG], map, "RG",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_MF]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_MF]->store(h->codecs[DS_MF], map, "MF",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_NS]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_NS]->store(h->codecs[DS_NS], map, "NS",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_NP]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_NP]->store(h->codecs[DS_NP], map, "NP",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_TS]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_TS]->store(h->codecs[DS_TS], map, "TS",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_NF]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_NF]->store(h->codecs[DS_NF], map, "NF",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_TC]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_TC]->store(h->codecs[DS_TC], map, "TC",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_TN]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_TN]->store(h->codecs[DS_TN], map, "TN",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_TL]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_TL]->store(h->codecs[DS_TL], map, "TL",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_FN]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_FN]->store(h->codecs[DS_FN], map, "FN",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_FC]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_FC]->store(h->codecs[DS_FC], map, "FC",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_FP]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_FP]->store(h->codecs[DS_FP], map, "FP",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_BS]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_BS]->store(h->codecs[DS_BS], map, "BS",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_IN]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_IN]->store(h->codecs[DS_IN], map, "IN",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_DL]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_DL]->store(h->codecs[DS_DL], map, "DL",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_BA]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_BA]->store(h->codecs[DS_BA], map, "BA",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_BB]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_BB]->store(h->codecs[DS_BB], map, "BB",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_MQ]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_MQ]->store(h->codecs[DS_MQ], map, "MQ",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_RN]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_RN]->store(h->codecs[DS_RN], map, "RN",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_QS]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_QS]->store(h->codecs[DS_QS], map, "QS",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_QQ]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_QQ]->store(h->codecs[DS_QQ], map, "QQ",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_RI]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_RI]->store(h->codecs[DS_RI], map, "RI",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) != 1) {
	if (h->codecs[DS_SC]) {
	    if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_SC]->store(h->codecs[DS_SC], map, "SC",
					      fd->version))
		return NULL;
	    mc++;
	}
	if (h->codecs[DS_RS]) {
	    if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_RS]->store(h->codecs[DS_RS], map, "RS",
					      fd->version))
		return NULL;
	    mc++;
	}
	if (h->codecs[DS_PD]) {
	    if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_PD]->store(h->codecs[DS_PD], map, "PD",
					      fd->version))
		return NULL;
	    mc++;
	}
	if (h->codecs[DS_HC]) {
	    if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_HC]->store(h->codecs[DS_HC], map, "HC",
					      fd->version))
		return NULL;
	    mc++;
	}
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_TM]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_TM]->store(h->codecs[DS_TM], map, "TM",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    if (h->codecs[DS_TV]) {
	if (-1 == h->codecs[DS_TV]->store(h->codecs[DS_TV], map, "TV",
					  fd->version))
	    return NULL;
	mc++;
    }
    itf8_put_blk(cb, BLOCK_SIZE(map) + itf8_size(mc));
    itf8_put_blk(cb, mc);    
    BLOCK_APPEND(cb, BLOCK_DATA(map), BLOCK_SIZE(map));

    /* tag encoding map */
#if 0
    mp = map; mc = 0;
    if (h->tag_encoding_map) {
        HashItem *hi;
        HashIter *iter = HashTableIterCreate();
	if (!iter)
	    return NULL;

        while ((hi = HashTableIterNext(h->tag_encoding_map, iter))) {
            cram_map *m = hi->data.p;
	    int sz;

	    mp += itf8_put(mp, (hi->key[0]<<16)|(hi->key[1]<<8)|hi->key[2]);
	    if (-1 == (sz = m->codec->store(m->codec, mp, NULL, fd->version)))
		return NULL;
	    mp += sz;
	    mc++;
        }

        HashTableIterDestroy(iter);
    }
#else
    mc = 0;
    BLOCK_SIZE(map) = 0;
    if (c->tags_used) {
	khint_t k;

#define TAG_ID(a) ((#a[0]<<8)+#a[1])

	for (k = kh_begin(c->tags_used); k != kh_end(c->tags_used); k++) {
	    int key;
	    if (!kh_exist(c->tags_used, k))
		continue;

	    mc++;
	    itf8_put_blk(map, kh_key(c->tags_used, k));

	    // use block content id 4
	    switch((key = kh_key(c->tags_used, k)) & 0xff) {
	    case 'Z': case 'H':
		// string as byte_array_stop
		if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 1) {
		    BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				 "\005" // BYTE_ARRAY_STOP
				 "\005" // len
				 "\t"   // stop-byte is also SAM separator
				 DS_aux_S "\000\000\000",
				 7);
		} else {
		    if (key>>8 == TAG_ID(OQ))
			BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				     "\005" // BYTE_ARRAY_STOP
				     "\002" // len
				     "\t"   // stop-byte is also SAM separator
				     DS_aux_OQ_S,
				     4);
		    else if (key>>8 == TAG_ID(BQ))
			BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				     "\005" // BYTE_ARRAY_STOP
				     "\002" // len
				     "\t"   // stop-byte is also SAM separator
				     DS_aux_BQ_S,
				     4);
		    else if (key>>8 == TAG_ID(BD))
			BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				     "\005" // BYTE_ARRAY_STOP
				     "\002" // len
				     "\t"   // stop-byte is also SAM separator
				     DS_aux_BD_S,
				     4);
		    else if (key>>8 == TAG_ID(BI))
			BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				     "\005" // BYTE_ARRAY_STOP
				     "\002" // len
				     "\t"   // stop-byte is also SAM separator
				     DS_aux_BI_S,
				     4);
		    else if ((key>>8 == TAG_ID(Q2)) ||
			     (key>>8 == TAG_ID(U2)) ||
			     (key>>8 == TAG_ID(QT)) ||
			     (key>>8 == TAG_ID(CQ)))
			BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				     "\005" // BYTE_ARRAY_STOP
				     "\002" // len
				     "\t"   // stop-byte is also SAM separator
				     DS_aux_oq_S,
				     4);
		    else if ((key>>8 == TAG_ID(R2)) ||
			     (key>>8 == TAG_ID(E2)) ||
			     (key>>8 == TAG_ID(CS)) ||
			     (key>>8 == TAG_ID(BC)) ||
			     (key>>8 == TAG_ID(RT)))
			BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				     "\005" // BYTE_ARRAY_STOP
				     "\002" // len
				     "\t"   // stop-byte is also SAM separator
				     DS_aux_os_S,
				     4);
		    else
			BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				     "\005" // BYTE_ARRAY_STOP
				     "\002" // len
				     "\t"   // stop-byte is also SAM separator
				     DS_aux_oz_S,
				     4);
		}
		break;

	    case 'A': case 'c': case 'C':
		// byte array len, 1 byte
		BLOCK_APPEND(map,
			     "\004" // BYTE_ARRAY_LEN
			     "\011" // length
			     "\003" // HUFFMAN (len)
			     "\004" // huffman-len
			     "\001" // 1 symbol
			     "\001" // symbol=1 byte value
			     "\001" // 1 length
			     "\000" // length=0
			     "\001" // EXTERNAL (val)
			     "\001" // external-len
			     DS_aux_S,// content-id
			     11);
		break;

	    case 's': case 'S':
		// byte array len, 2 byte
		BLOCK_APPEND(map,
			     "\004" // BYTE_ARRAY_LEN
			     "\011" // length
			     "\003" // HUFFMAN (len)
			     "\004" // huffman-len
			     "\001" // 1 symbol
			     "\002" // symbol=2 byte value
			     "\001" // 1 length
			     "\000" // length=0
			     "\001" // EXTERNAL (val)
			     "\001" // external-len
			     DS_aux_S,// content-id
			     11);
		break;

	    case 'i': case 'I': case 'f':
		// byte array len, 4 byte
		BLOCK_APPEND(map,
			     "\004" // BYTE_ARRAY_LEN
			     "\011" // length
			     "\003" // HUFFMAN (len)
			     "\004" // huffman-len
			     "\001" // 1 symbol
			     "\004" // symbol=4 byte value
			     "\001" // 1 length
			     "\000" // length=0
			     "\001" // EXTERNAL (val)
			     "\001" // external-len
			     DS_aux_S,// content-id
			     11);
		break;

	    case 'B':
		// Byte array of variable size, but we generate our tag
		// byte stream at the wrong stage (during reading and not
		// after slice header construction). So we use
		// BYTE_ARRAY_LEN with the length codec being external
		// too.
		if ((key>>8 == TAG_ID(FZ)) || (key>>8 == TAG_ID(ZM)))
		    BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				 "\004" // BYTE_ARRAY_LEN
				 "\006" // length
				 "\001" // EXTERNAL (len)
				 "\001" // external-len
				 DS_aux_FZ_S // content-id
				 "\001" // EXTERNAL (val)
				 "\001" // external-len
				 DS_aux_FZ_S,// content-id
				 8);
		else
		    BLOCK_APPEND(map,
				 "\004" // BYTE_ARRAY_LEN
				 "\006" // length
				 "\001" // EXTERNAL (len)
				 "\001" // external-len
				 DS_aux_S // content-id
				 "\001" // EXTERNAL (val)
				 "\001" // external-len
				 DS_aux_S,// content-id
				 8);
		break;

	    default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported SAM aux type '%c'\n",
			kh_key(c->tags_used, k) & 0xff);
	    }
	    //mp += m->codec->store(m->codec, mp, NULL, fd->version);
	}
    }
#endif
    itf8_put_blk(cb, BLOCK_SIZE(map) + itf8_size(mc));
    itf8_put_blk(cb, mc);    
    BLOCK_APPEND(cb, BLOCK_DATA(map), BLOCK_SIZE(map));

    if (fd->verbose)
	fprintf(stderr, "Wrote compression block header in %d bytes\n",
		(int)BLOCK_SIZE(cb));

    BLOCK_UPLEN(cb);

    cram_free_block(map);

    return cb;
}


/*
 * Encodes a slice compression header. 
 *
 * Returns cram_block on success
 *         NULL on failure
 */
cram_block *cram_encode_slice_header(cram_fd *fd, cram_slice *s) {
    char *buf;
    char *cp;
    cram_block *b = cram_new_block(MAPPED_SLICE, 0);
    int j;

    if (!b)
	return NULL;

    if (NULL == (cp = buf = malloc(16+5*(8+s->hdr->num_blocks)))) {
	cram_free_block(b);
	return NULL;
    }

    cp += itf8_put(cp, s->hdr->ref_seq_id);
    cp += itf8_put(cp, s->hdr->ref_seq_start);
    cp += itf8_put(cp, s->hdr->ref_seq_span);
    cp += itf8_put(cp, s->hdr->num_records);
    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 2)
	cp += itf8_put(cp, s->hdr->record_counter);
    else if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) >= 3)
	cp += ltf8_put(cp, s->hdr->record_counter);
    cp += itf8_put(cp, s->hdr->num_blocks);
    cp += itf8_put(cp, s->hdr->num_content_ids);
    for (j = 0; j < s->hdr->num_content_ids; j++) {
	cp += itf8_put(cp, s->hdr->block_content_ids[j]);
    }
    if (s->hdr->content_type == MAPPED_SLICE)
	cp += itf8_put(cp, s->hdr->ref_base_id);

    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) != 1) {
	memcpy(cp, s->hdr->md5, 16); cp += 16;
    }
    
    assert(cp-buf <= 16+5*(8+s->hdr->num_blocks));

    b->data = (unsigned char *)buf;
    b->comp_size = b->uncomp_size = cp-buf;

    return b;
}


/*
 * Encodes a single read.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success
 *        -1 on failure
 */
static int cram_encode_slice_read(cram_fd *fd,
				  cram_container *c,
				  cram_block_compression_hdr *h,
				  cram_slice *s,
				  cram_record *cr,
				  int *last_pos) {
    int r = 0;
    int32_t i32;
    unsigned char uc;

    //fprintf(stderr, "Encode seq %d, %d/%d FN=%d, %s\n", rec, core->byte, core->bit, cr->nfeature, s->name_ds->str + cr->name);

    //printf("BF=0x%x\n", cr->flags);
    //	    bf = cram_flag_swap[cr->flags];
    i32 = fd->cram_flag_swap[cr->flags & 0xfff];
    r |= h->codecs[DS_BF]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_BF], (char *)&i32, 1);

    i32 = cr->cram_flags;
    r |= h->codecs[DS_CF]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_CF], (char *)&i32, 1);

    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) != 1 && s->hdr->ref_seq_id == -2)
	r |= h->codecs[DS_RI]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_RI], (char *)&cr->ref_id, 1);

    r |= h->codecs[DS_RL]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_RL], (char *)&cr->len, 1);

    if (c->pos_sorted) {
	i32 = cr->apos - *last_pos;
	r |= h->codecs[DS_AP]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_AP], (char *)&i32, 1);
	*last_pos = cr->apos;
    } else {
	i32 = cr->apos;
	r |= h->codecs[DS_AP]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_AP], (char *)&i32, 1);
    }

    r |= h->codecs[DS_RG]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_RG], (char *)&cr->rg, 1);

    if (c->comp_hdr->read_names_included) {
	// RN codec: Already stored in block[3].
    }

    if (cr->cram_flags & CRAM_FLAG_DETACHED) {
	i32 = cr->mate_flags;
	r |= h->codecs[DS_MF]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_MF], (char *)&i32, 1);

	if (!c->comp_hdr->read_names_included) {
	    // RN codec: Already stored in block[3].
	}

	r |= h->codecs[DS_NS]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_NS],
				      (char *)&cr->mate_ref_id, 1);

	r |= h->codecs[DS_NP]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_NP],
				      (char *)&cr->mate_pos, 1);

	r |= h->codecs[DS_TS]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_TS],
				      (char *)&cr->tlen, 1);
    } else if (cr->cram_flags & CRAM_FLAG_MATE_DOWNSTREAM) {
	r |= h->codecs[DS_NF]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_NF],
				      (char *)&cr->mate_line, 1);
    }

    /* Aux tags */
    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 1) {
	int j;
	uc = cr->ntags;
	r |= h->codecs[DS_TC]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_TC], (char *)&uc, 1);

	for (j = 0; j < cr->ntags; j++) {
	    uint32_t i32 = s->TN[cr->TN_idx + j]; // id
	    r |= h->codecs[DS_TN]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_TN], (char *)&i32, 1);
	}
    } else {
	r |= h->codecs[DS_TL]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_TL], (char *)&cr->TL, 1);
    }

    // qual
    // QS codec : Already stored in block[2].

    // features (diffs)
    if (!(cr->flags & BAM_FUNMAP)) {
	int prev_pos = 0, j;

	r |= h->codecs[DS_FN]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_FN],
				      (char *)&cr->nfeature, 1);
	for (j = 0; j < cr->nfeature; j++) {
	    cram_feature *f = &s->features[cr->feature + j];

	    uc = f->X.code;
	    r |= h->codecs[DS_FC]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_FC], (char *)&uc, 1);
	    i32 = f->X.pos - prev_pos;
	    r |= h->codecs[DS_FP]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_FP], (char *)&i32, 1);
	    prev_pos = f->X.pos;

	    switch(f->X.code) {
		//char *seq;

	    case 'X':
		//fprintf(stderr, "    FC=%c FP=%d base=%d\n", f->X.code, i32, f->X.base);
		
		uc = f->X.base;
		r |= h->codecs[DS_BS]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_BS],
					      (char *)&uc, 1);
		break;
	    case 'S':
		// Already done
//		r |= h->codecs[DS_SC]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_SC],
//					      BLOCK_DATA(s->soft_blk) + f->S.seq_idx,
//					      f->S.len);

//		if (IS_CRAM_3_VERS(fd)) {
//		    r |= h->codecs[DS_BB]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_BB], 
//						  BLOCK_DATA(s->seqs_blk) + f->S.seq_idx,
//						  f->S.len);
//		}
		break;
	    case 'I':
		//seq = DSTRING_STR(s->seqs_ds) + f->S.seq_idx;
		//r |= h->codecs[DS_IN]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_IN],
		//			     seq, f->S.len);
//		if (IS_CRAM_3_VERS(fd)) {
//		    r |= h->codecs[DS_BB]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_BB], 
//						  BLOCK_DATA(s->seqs_blk) + f->I.seq_idx,
//						  f->I.len);
//		}
		break;
	    case 'i':
		uc = f->i.base;
		r |= h->codecs[DS_BA]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_BA],
					      (char *)&uc, 1);
		//seq = DSTRING_STR(s->seqs_ds) + f->S.seq_idx;
		//r |= h->codecs[DS_IN]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_IN], 
		//			     seq, 1);
		break;
	    case 'D':
		i32 = f->D.len;
		r |= h->codecs[DS_DL]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_DL],
					      (char *)&i32, 1);
		break;

	    case 'B':
		//		    // Used when we try to store a non ACGTN base or an N
		//		    // that aligns against a non ACGTN reference

		uc  = f->B.base;
		r |= h->codecs[DS_BA]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_BA],
					      (char *)&uc, 1);

		//                  Already added
		//		    uc  = f->B.qual;
		//		    r |= h->codecs[DS_QS]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_QS], 
		//					     (char *)&uc, 1);
		break;

	    case 'b':
		// string of bases
		r |= h->codecs[DS_BB]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_BB], 
					      (char *)BLOCK_DATA(s->seqs_blk)
					              + f->b.seq_idx,
					      f->b.len);
		break;

	    case 'Q':
		//                  Already added
		//		    uc  = f->B.qual;
		//		    r |= h->codecs[DS_QS]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_QS], 
		//					     (char *)&uc, 1);
		break;

	    case 'N':
		i32 = f->N.len;
		r |= h->codecs[DS_RS]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_RS],
					      (char *)&i32, 1);
		break;
		    
	    case 'P':
		i32 = f->P.len;
		r |= h->codecs[DS_PD]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_PD],
					      (char *)&i32, 1);
		break;
		    
	    case 'H':
		i32 = f->H.len;
		r |= h->codecs[DS_HC]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_HC],
					      (char *)&i32, 1);
		break;
		    

	    default:
		fprintf(stderr, "unhandled feature code %c\n",
			f->X.code);
		return -1;
	    }
	}

	r |= h->codecs[DS_MQ]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_MQ],
				      (char *)&cr->mqual, 1);
    } else {
	char *seq = (char *)BLOCK_DATA(s->seqs_blk) + cr->seq;
	r |= h->codecs[DS_BA]->encode(s, h->codecs[DS_BA], seq, cr->len);
    }

    return r ? -1 : 0;
}


/*
 * Applies various compression methods to specific blocks, depending on
 * known observations of how data series compress.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success
 *        -1 on failure
 */
static int cram_compress_slice(cram_fd *fd, cram_slice *s) {
    int level = fd->level, i;
    int method = 1<<GZIP | 1<<GZIP_RLE, methodF = method;

    /* Compress the CORE Block too, with minimal zlib level */
    if (level > 5 && s->block[0]->uncomp_size > 500)
	cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[0], NULL, GZIP, 1);
 
    if (fd->use_bz2)
	method |= 1<<BZIP2;

    if (fd->use_rans)
	method |= (1<<RANS0) | (1<<RANS1);

    if (fd->use_lzma)
	method |= (1<<LZMA);

    /* Faster method for data series we only need entropy encoding on */
    methodF = method & ~(1<<GZIP | 1<<BZIP2 | 1<<LZMA);
    if (level >= 6)
	methodF = method;
    

    /* Specific compression methods for certain block types */
    if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_IN], fd->m[DS_IN], //IN (seq)
			    method, level))
	return -1;

    if (fd->level == 0) {
	/* Do nothing */
    } else if (fd->level == 1) {
	if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_QS], fd->m[DS_QS],
				methodF, 1))
	    return -1;
	for (i = DS_aux; i <= DS_aux_oz; i++) {
	    if (s->block[i])
		if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[i], fd->m[i],
					method, 1))
		    return -1;
	}
    } else if (fd->level < 3) {
	if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_QS], fd->m[DS_QS],
				method, 1))
	    return -1;
	if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_BA], fd->m[DS_BA],
				method, 1))
	    return -1;
	if (s->block[DS_BB])
	    if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_BB], fd->m[DS_BB],
				    method, 1))
	    return -1;
	for (i = DS_aux; i <= DS_aux_oz; i++) {
	    if (s->block[i])
		if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[i], fd->m[i],
					method, level))
		    return -1;
	}
    } else {
	if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_QS], fd->m[DS_QS],
				method, level))
	    return -1;
	if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_BA], fd->m[DS_BA],
				method, level))
	    return -1;
	if (s->block[DS_BB])
	    if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_BB], fd->m[DS_BB],
				    method, level))
	    return -1;
	for (i = DS_aux; i <= DS_aux_oz; i++) {
	    if (s->block[i])
		if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[i], fd->m[i],
					method, level))
		    return -1;
	}
    }

    // NAME: best is generally xz, bzip2, zlib then rans1
    // It benefits well from a little bit extra compression level.
    if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_RN], fd->m[DS_RN],
			    method & ~(1<<RANS0 | 1<<GZIP_RLE),
			    MIN(9,level)))
	return -1;

    // NS shows strong local correlation as rearrangements are localised
    if (s->block[DS_NS] != s->block[0])
	if (cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[DS_NS], fd->m[DS_NS],
				method, level))
	    return -1;


    /*
     * Minimal compression of any block still uncompressed, bar CORE
     */
    {
	int i;
	for (i = 1; i < DS_END; i++) {
	    if (!s->block[i] || s->block[i] == s->block[0])
		continue;

	    // fast methods only
	    if (s->block[i]->method == RAW) {
		cram_compress_block(fd, s->block[i], fd->m[i],
				    methodF, level);
	    }
	}
    }

    return 0;
}

/*
 * Encodes a single slice from a container
 *
 * Returns 0 on success
 *        -1 on failure
 */
static int cram_encode_slice(cram_fd *fd, cram_container *c,
			     cram_block_compression_hdr *h, cram_slice *s) {
    int rec, r = 0, last_pos;
    int embed_ref;
    enum cram_DS_ID id;

    embed_ref = fd->embed_ref && s->hdr->ref_seq_id != -1 ? 1 : 0;

    /*
     * Slice external blocks:
     * ID 0 => base calls (insertions, soft-clip)
     * ID 1 => qualities
     * ID 2 => names
     * ID 3 => TS (insert size), NP (next frag)
     * ID 4 => tag values
     * ID 6 => tag IDs (TN), if CRAM_V1.0
     * ID 7 => TD tag dictionary, if !CRAM_V1.0
     */

    /* Create cram slice header */
    s->hdr->ref_base_id = embed_ref ? DS_ref : -1;
    s->hdr->record_counter = c->num_records + c->record_counter;
    c->num_records += s->hdr->num_records;

    s->block = calloc(DS_END, sizeof(s->block[0]));
    s->hdr->block_content_ids = malloc(DS_END * sizeof(int32_t));
    if (!s->block || !s->hdr->block_content_ids)
	return -1;

    // Create first fixed blocks, always external.
    // CORE
    if (!(s->block[0] = cram_new_block(CORE, 0)))
	return -1;

    // TN block for CRAM v1
    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 1) {
	if (h->codecs[DS_TN]->codec == E_EXTERNAL) {
	    if (!(s->block[DS_TN] = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL,DS_TN))) return -1;
	    h->codecs[DS_TN]->external.content_id = DS_TN;
	} else {
	    s->block[DS_TN] = s->block[0];
	}
	s->block[DS_TN] = s->block[DS_TN];
    }

    // Embedded reference
    if (embed_ref) {
	if (!(s->block[DS_ref] = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, DS_ref)))
	    return -1;
	s->ref_id = DS_ref; // needed?
	BLOCK_APPEND(s->block[DS_ref],
		     c->ref + c->first_base - c->ref_start,
		     c->last_base - c->first_base + 1);
    }

    /*
     * All the data-series blocks if appropriate. 
     */
    for (id = DS_BF; id < DS_TN; id++) {
	if (h->codecs[id] && (h->codecs[id]->codec == E_EXTERNAL ||
			      h->codecs[id]->codec == E_BYTE_ARRAY_STOP ||
			      h->codecs[id]->codec == E_BYTE_ARRAY_LEN)) {
	    switch (h->codecs[id]->codec) {
	    case E_EXTERNAL:
		if (!(s->block[id] = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, id)))
		    return -1;
		h->codecs[id]->external.content_id = id;
		break;

	    case E_BYTE_ARRAY_STOP:
		if (!(s->block[id] = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, id)))
		    return -1;
		h->codecs[id]->byte_array_stop.content_id = id;
		break;

	    case E_BYTE_ARRAY_LEN: {
		cram_codec *cc;

		cc = h->codecs[id]->e_byte_array_len.len_codec;
		if (cc->codec == E_EXTERNAL) {
		    int eid = cc->external.content_id;
		    if (!(s->block[eid] = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, eid)))
			return -1;
		    cc->external.content_id = eid;
		    cc->out = s->block[eid];
		}

		cc = h->codecs[id]->e_byte_array_len.val_codec;
		if (cc->codec == E_EXTERNAL) {
		    int eid = cc->external.content_id;
		    if (!s->block[eid])
			if (!(s->block[eid] = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, eid)))
			    return -1;
		    cc->external.content_id = eid;
		    cc->out = s->block[eid];
		}
		break;
	    }
	    default:
		break;
	    }
	} else {
	    if (!(id == DS_BB && !h->codecs[DS_BB]))
		s->block[id] = s->block[0];
	}
	if (h->codecs[id])
	    h->codecs[id]->out = s->block[id];
    }

    /* Encode reads */
    last_pos = s->hdr->ref_seq_start;
    for (rec = 0; rec < s->hdr->num_records; rec++) {
	cram_record *cr = &s->crecs[rec];
	if (cram_encode_slice_read(fd, c, h, s, cr, &last_pos) == -1)
	    return -1;
    }

    s->block[0]->uncomp_size = s->block[0]->byte + (s->block[0]->bit < 7);
    s->block[0]->comp_size = s->block[0]->uncomp_size;

    // Make sure the fixed blocks point to the correct sources
    s->block[DS_IN] = s->base_blk; s->base_blk = NULL;
    s->block[DS_QS] = s->qual_blk; s->qual_blk = NULL;
    s->block[DS_RN] = s->name_blk; s->name_blk = NULL;
    s->block[DS_SC] = s->soft_blk; s->soft_blk = NULL;
    s->block[DS_aux]= s->aux_blk;  s->aux_blk  = NULL;
    s->block[DS_aux_OQ]= s->aux_OQ_blk;  s->aux_OQ_blk  = NULL;
    s->block[DS_aux_BQ]= s->aux_BQ_blk;  s->aux_BQ_blk  = NULL;
    s->block[DS_aux_BD]= s->aux_BD_blk;  s->aux_BD_blk  = NULL;
    s->block[DS_aux_BI]= s->aux_BI_blk;  s->aux_BI_blk  = NULL;
    s->block[DS_aux_FZ]= s->aux_FZ_blk;  s->aux_FZ_blk  = NULL;
    s->block[DS_aux_oq]= s->aux_oq_blk;  s->aux_oq_blk  = NULL;
    s->block[DS_aux_os]= s->aux_os_blk;  s->aux_os_blk  = NULL;
    s->block[DS_aux_oz]= s->aux_oz_blk;  s->aux_oz_blk  = NULL;

    // Ensure block sizes are up to date.
    for (id = 1; id < DS_END; id++) {
	if (!s->block[id] || s->block[id] == s->block[0])
	    continue;

	if (s->block[id]->uncomp_size == 0)
	    BLOCK_UPLEN(s->block[id]);
    }

    // Compress it all
    if (cram_compress_slice(fd, s) == -1)
	return -1;

    // Collapse empty blocks and create hdr_block
    {
	int i, j;
	for (i = j = 1; i < DS_END; i++) {
	    if (!s->block[i] || s->block[i] == s->block[0])
		continue;
	    if (s->block[i]->uncomp_size == 0) {
		cram_free_block(s->block[i]);
		s->block[i] = NULL;
		continue;
	    }
	    s->block[j] = s->block[i];
	    s->hdr->block_content_ids[j-1] = s->block[i]->content_id;
	    j++;
	}
	s->hdr->num_content_ids = j-1;
	s->hdr->num_blocks = j;

	if (!(s->hdr_block = cram_encode_slice_header(fd, s)))
	    return -1;
    }

    return r ? -1 : 0;
}

/*
 * Encodes all slices in a container into blocks.
 * Returns 0 on success
 *        -1 on failure
 */
int cram_encode_container(cram_fd *fd, cram_container *c) {
    int i, j, slice_offset;
    cram_block_compression_hdr *h = c->comp_hdr;
    cram_block *c_hdr;
    int multi_ref = 0;
    int r1, r2, sn, nref;
    spare_bams *spares;

    /* Cache references up-front if we have unsorted access patterns */
    pthread_mutex_lock(&fd->ref_lock);
    nref = fd->refs->nref;
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&fd->ref_lock);

    if (!fd->no_ref && c->refs_used) {
	for (i = 0; i < nref; i++) {
	    if (c->refs_used[i])
		cram_get_ref(fd, i, 1, 0);
	}
    }

    /* To create M5 strings */
    /* Fetch reference sequence */
    if (!fd->no_ref) {
	bam_seq_t *b = c->bams[0];
	char *ref;

	ref = cram_get_ref(fd, bam_ref(b), 1, 0);
	if (!ref && bam_ref(b) >= 0) {
	    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to load reference #%d\n", bam_ref(b));
	    return -1;
	}
	if ((c->ref_id = bam_ref(b)) >= 0) {
	    c->ref_seq_id = c->ref_id;
	    c->ref       = fd->refs->ref_id[c->ref_seq_id]->seq;
	    c->ref_start = 1;
	    c->ref_end   = fd->refs->ref_id[c->ref_seq_id]->length;
	} else {
	    c->ref_seq_id = c->ref_id; // FIXME remove one var!
	}
    } else {
	c->ref_id = bam_ref(c->bams[0]);
	cram_ref_incr(fd->refs, c->ref_id);
	c->ref_seq_id = c->ref_id;
    }

    /* Turn bams into cram_records and gather basic stats */
    for (r1 = sn = 0; r1 < c->curr_c_rec; sn++) {
	cram_slice *s = c->slices[sn];
	int first_base = INT_MAX, last_base = INT_MIN;

	assert(sn < c->curr_slice);

	/* FIXME: we could create our slice objects here too instead of
	 * in cram_put_bam_seq. It's more natural here and also this is
	 * bit is threaded so it's less work in the main thread.
	 */

	for (r2 = 0; r1 < c->curr_c_rec && r2 < c->max_rec; r1++, r2++) {
	    cram_record *cr = &s->crecs[r2];
	    bam_seq_t *b = c->bams[r1];

	    /* If multi-ref we need to cope with changing reference per seq */
	    if (c->multi_seq && !fd->no_ref) {
		if (bam_ref(b) != c->ref_seq_id && bam_ref(b) >= 0) {
		    if (c->ref_seq_id >= 0)
			cram_ref_decr(fd->refs, c->ref_seq_id);

		    if (!cram_get_ref(fd, bam_ref(b), 1, 0)) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to load reference #%d\n",
				bam_ref(b));
			return -1;
		    }

		    c->ref_seq_id = bam_ref(b); // overwritten later by -2
		    assert(fd->refs->ref_id[c->ref_seq_id]->seq);
		    c->ref       = fd->refs->ref_id[c->ref_seq_id]->seq;
		    c->ref_start = 1;
		    c->ref_end   = fd->refs->ref_id[c->ref_seq_id]->length;
		}
	    }

	    process_one_read(fd, c, s, cr, b, r2);

	    if (first_base > cr->apos)
		first_base = cr->apos;

	    if (last_base < cr->aend)
		last_base = cr->aend;
	}

	if (c->multi_seq) {
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_id    = -2;
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_start = 0;
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_span  = 0;
	} else {
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_id    = c->ref_id;
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_start = first_base;
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_span  = last_base - first_base + 1;
	}
	s->hdr->num_records = r2;
    }

    if (c->multi_seq && !fd->no_ref) {
	if (c->ref_seq_id >= 0)
	    cram_ref_decr(fd->refs, c->ref_seq_id);
    }

    /* Link our bams[] array onto the spare bam list for reuse */
    spares = malloc(sizeof(*spares));
    pthread_mutex_lock(&fd->bam_list_lock);
    spares->bams = c->bams;
    spares->next = fd->bl;
    fd->bl = spares;
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&fd->bam_list_lock);
    c->bams = NULL;

    /* Detect if a multi-seq container */
    cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_RI]);
    multi_ref = c->stats[DS_RI]->nvals > 1;

    if (multi_ref) {
	if (fd->verbose)
	    fprintf(stderr, "Multi-ref container\n");
	c->ref_seq_id = -2;
	c->ref_seq_start = 0;
	c->ref_seq_span = 0;
    }


    /* Compute MD5s */
    for (i = 0; i < c->curr_slice; i++) {
	cram_slice *s = c->slices[i];
	
	if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) != 1) {
	    if (s->hdr->ref_seq_id >= 0 && c->multi_seq == 0 && !fd->no_ref) {
		MD5_CTX md5;
		MD5_Init(&md5);
		MD5_Update(&md5,
			   c->ref + s->hdr->ref_seq_start - c->ref_start,
			   s->hdr->ref_seq_span);
		MD5_Final(s->hdr->md5, &md5);
	    } else {
		memset(s->hdr->md5, 0, 16);
	    }
	}
    }

    c->num_records = 0;
    c->num_blocks = 0;
    c->length = 0;

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== BF ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_BF] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_BF]),
					 c->stats[DS_BF], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== CF ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_CF] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_CF]),
					 c->stats[DS_CF], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);
//    fprintf(stderr, "=== RN ===\n");
//    h->codecs[DS_RN] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_RN]),
//				    c->stats[DS_RN], E_BYTE_ARRAY, NULL,
//				    fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== AP ===\n");
    if (c->pos_sorted) {
	h->codecs[DS_AP] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_AP]),
					     c->stats[DS_AP], E_INT, NULL,
					     fd->version);
    } else {
	int p[2] = {0, c->max_apos};
	h->codecs[DS_AP] = cram_encoder_init(E_BETA, NULL, E_INT, p,
					     fd->version);
    }

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== RG ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_RG] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_RG]),
					 c->stats[DS_RG], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== MQ ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_MQ] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_MQ]),
					 c->stats[DS_MQ], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== NS ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_NS] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_NS]),
					 c->stats[DS_NS], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== MF ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_MF] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_MF]),
					 c->stats[DS_MF], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== TS ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_TS] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_TS]),
					 c->stats[DS_TS], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);
    //fprintf(stderr, "=== NP ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_NP] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_NP]),
					 c->stats[DS_NP], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);
    //fprintf(stderr, "=== NF ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_NF] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_NF]),
					 c->stats[DS_NF], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== RL ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_RL] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_RL]),
					 c->stats[DS_RL], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== FN ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_FN] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_FN]),
					 c->stats[DS_FN], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== FC ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_FC] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_FC]),
					 c->stats[DS_FC], E_BYTE, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== FP ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_FP] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_FP]),
					 c->stats[DS_FP], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== DL ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_DL] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_DL]),
					 c->stats[DS_DL], E_INT, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== BA ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_BA] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_BA]),
					 c->stats[DS_BA], E_BYTE, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) >= 3) {
	cram_byte_array_len_encoder e;

	e.len_encoding = E_EXTERNAL;
	e.len_dat = (void *)DS_BB_len;
	//e.len_dat = (void *)DS_BB;

	e.val_encoding = E_EXTERNAL;
	e.val_dat = (void *)DS_BB;

	h->codecs[DS_BB] = cram_encoder_init(E_BYTE_ARRAY_LEN, NULL,
					     E_BYTE_ARRAY, (void *)&e,
					     fd->version);
    } else {
	h->codecs[DS_BB] = NULL;
    }

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== BS ===\n");
    h->codecs[DS_BS] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_BS]),
					 c->stats[DS_BS], E_BYTE, NULL,
					 fd->version);

    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 1) {
	h->codecs[DS_TL] = NULL;
	h->codecs[DS_RI] = NULL;
	h->codecs[DS_RS] = NULL;
	h->codecs[DS_PD] = NULL;
	h->codecs[DS_HC] = NULL;
	h->codecs[DS_SC] = NULL;

	//fprintf(stderr, "=== TC ===\n");
	h->codecs[DS_TC] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_TC]),
					     c->stats[DS_TC], E_BYTE, NULL,
					     fd->version);

    //fprintf(stderr, "=== TN ===\n");
	h->codecs[DS_TN] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_TN]),
					     c->stats[DS_TN], E_INT, NULL,
					     fd->version);
    } else {
	h->codecs[DS_TC] = NULL;
	h->codecs[DS_TN] = NULL;

	//fprintf(stderr, "=== TL ===\n");
	h->codecs[DS_TL] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_TL]),
					     c->stats[DS_TL], E_INT, NULL,
					     fd->version);


	//fprintf(stderr, "=== RI ===\n");
	h->codecs[DS_RI] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_RI]),
					     c->stats[DS_RI], E_INT, NULL,
					     fd->version);

	//fprintf(stderr, "=== RS ===\n");
	h->codecs[DS_RS] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_RS]),
					     c->stats[DS_RS], E_INT, NULL,
					     fd->version);

	//fprintf(stderr, "=== PD ===\n");
	h->codecs[DS_PD] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_PD]),
					     c->stats[DS_PD], E_INT, NULL,
					     fd->version);

	//fprintf(stderr, "=== HC ===\n");
	h->codecs[DS_HC] = cram_encoder_init(cram_stats_encoding(fd, c->stats[DS_HC]),
					     c->stats[DS_HC], E_INT, NULL,
					     fd->version);

	//fprintf(stderr, "=== SC ===\n");
	if (1) {
	    int i2[2] = {0, DS_SC};

	    h->codecs[DS_SC] = cram_encoder_init(E_BYTE_ARRAY_STOP, NULL,
						 E_BYTE_ARRAY, (void *)i2,
						 fd->version);
	} else {
	    // Appears to be no practical benefit to using this method,
	    // but it may work better if we start mixing SC, IN and BB
	    // elements into the same external block.
	    cram_byte_array_len_encoder e;

	    e.len_encoding = E_EXTERNAL;
	    e.len_dat = (void *)DS_SC_len;

	    e.val_encoding = E_EXTERNAL;
	    e.val_dat = (void *)DS_SC;

	    h->codecs[DS_SC] = cram_encoder_init(E_BYTE_ARRAY_LEN, NULL,
						 E_BYTE_ARRAY, (void *)&e,
						 fd->version);
	}
    }
    
    //fprintf(stderr, "=== IN ===\n");
    {
	int i2[2] = {0, DS_IN};
	h->codecs[DS_IN] = cram_encoder_init(E_BYTE_ARRAY_STOP, NULL,
					     E_BYTE_ARRAY, (void *)i2,
					     fd->version);
    }

    h->codecs[DS_QS] = cram_encoder_init(E_EXTERNAL, NULL, E_BYTE,
					 (void *)DS_QS,
					 fd->version);
    {
	int i2[2] = {0, DS_RN};
	h->codecs[DS_RN] = cram_encoder_init(E_BYTE_ARRAY_STOP, NULL,
					     E_BYTE_ARRAY, (void *)i2,
					     fd->version);
    }


    /* Encode slices */
    for (i = 0; i < c->curr_slice; i++) {
	if (fd->verbose)
	    fprintf(stderr, "Encode slice %d\n", i);
	if (cram_encode_slice(fd, c, h, c->slices[i]) != 0)
	    return -1;
    }

    /* Create compression header */
    {
	h->ref_seq_id    = c->ref_seq_id;
	h->ref_seq_start = c->ref_seq_start;
	h->ref_seq_span  = c->ref_seq_span;
	h->num_records   = c->num_records;
	
	h->mapped_qs_included = 0;   // fixme
	h->unmapped_qs_included = 0; // fixme
	// h->...  fixme
	memcpy(h->substitution_matrix, CRAM_SUBST_MATRIX, 20);

	if (!(c_hdr = cram_encode_compression_header(fd, c, h)))
	    return -1;
    }

    /* Compute landmarks */
    /* Fill out slice landmarks */
    c->num_landmarks = c->curr_slice;
    c->landmark = malloc(c->num_landmarks * sizeof(*c->landmark));
    if (!c->landmark)
	return -1;

    /*
     * Slice offset starts after the first block, so we need to simulate
     * writing it to work out the correct offset
     */
    {
	slice_offset = c_hdr->method == RAW
	    ? c_hdr->uncomp_size
	    : c_hdr->comp_size;
	slice_offset += 2 + 4*(CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) >= 3) +
	    itf8_size(c_hdr->content_id) +
	    itf8_size(c_hdr->comp_size) +
	    itf8_size(c_hdr->uncomp_size);
    }

    c->ref_seq_id    = c->slices[0]->hdr->ref_seq_id;
    c->ref_seq_start = c->slices[0]->hdr->ref_seq_start;
    c->ref_seq_span  = c->slices[0]->hdr->ref_seq_span;
    for (i = 0; i < c->curr_slice; i++) {
	cram_slice *s = c->slices[i];
	
	c->num_blocks += s->hdr->num_blocks + 2;
	c->landmark[i] = slice_offset;

	if (s->hdr->ref_seq_start + s->hdr->ref_seq_span >
	    c->ref_seq_start + c->ref_seq_span) {
	    c->ref_seq_span = s->hdr->ref_seq_start + s->hdr->ref_seq_span
		- c->ref_seq_start;
	}
	
	slice_offset += s->hdr_block->method == RAW
	    ? s->hdr_block->uncomp_size
	    : s->hdr_block->comp_size;

	slice_offset += 2 + 4*(CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) >= 3) +
	    itf8_size(s->hdr_block->content_id) +
	    itf8_size(s->hdr_block->comp_size) +
	    itf8_size(s->hdr_block->uncomp_size);

	for (j = 0; j < s->hdr->num_blocks; j++) {
	    slice_offset += 2 + 4*(CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) >= 3) +
		itf8_size(s->block[j]->content_id) +
		itf8_size(s->block[j]->comp_size) +
		itf8_size(s->block[j]->uncomp_size);

	    slice_offset += s->block[j]->method == RAW
		? s->block[j]->uncomp_size
		: s->block[j]->comp_size;
	}
    }
    c->length += slice_offset; // just past the final slice

    c->comp_hdr_block = c_hdr;

    if (c->ref_seq_id >= 0) {
	cram_ref_decr(fd->refs, c->ref_seq_id);
    }

    /* Cache references up-front if we have unsorted access patterns */
    if (!fd->no_ref && c->refs_used) {
	for (i = 0; i < fd->refs->nref; i++) {
	    if (c->refs_used[i])
		cram_ref_decr(fd->refs, i);
	}
    }

    return 0;
}


/*
 * Adds a feature code to a read within a slice. For purposes of minimising
 * memory allocations and fragmentation we have one array of features for all
 * reads within the slice. We return the index into this array for this new
 * feature.
 *
 * Returns feature index on success
 *         -1 on failure.
 */
static int cram_add_feature(cram_container *c, cram_slice *s,
			    cram_record *r, cram_feature *f) {
    if (s->nfeatures >= s->afeatures) {
	s->afeatures = s->afeatures ? s->afeatures*2 : 1024;
	s->features = realloc(s->features, s->afeatures*sizeof(*s->features));
	if (!s->features)
	    return -1;
    }

    if (!r->nfeature++) {
	r->feature = s->nfeatures;
	cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_FP], f->X.pos);
    } else {
	cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_FP],
		       f->X.pos - s->features[r->feature + r->nfeature-2].X.pos);
    }
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_FC], f->X.code);

    s->features[s->nfeatures++] = *f;

    return 0;
}

static int cram_add_substitution(cram_fd *fd, cram_container *c,
				 cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
				 int pos, char base, char qual, char ref) {
    cram_feature f;

    // seq=ACGTN vs ref=ACGT or seq=ACGT vs ref=ACGTN
    if (fd->L2[(uc)base]<4 || (fd->L2[(uc)base]<5 && fd->L2[(uc)ref]<4)) {
	f.X.pos = pos+1;
	f.X.code = 'X';
	f.X.base = fd->cram_sub_matrix[ref&0x1f][base&0x1f];
	cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_BS], f.X.base);
    } else {
	f.B.pos = pos+1;
	f.B.code = 'B';
	f.B.base = base;
	f.B.qual = qual;
	cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_BA], f.B.base);
	cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_QS], f.B.qual);
	BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(s->qual_blk, qual);
    }
    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

static int cram_add_bases(cram_fd *fd, cram_container *c,
			  cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
			  int pos, int len, char *base) {
    cram_feature f;

    f.b.pos = pos+1;
    f.b.code = 'b';
    f.b.seq_idx = base - (char *)BLOCK_DATA(s->seqs_blk);
    f.b.len = len;

    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

static int cram_add_base(cram_fd *fd, cram_container *c,
			 cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
			 int pos, char base, char qual) {
    cram_feature f;
    f.B.pos = pos+1;
    f.B.code = 'B';
    f.B.base = base;
    f.B.qual = qual;
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_BA], base);
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_QS], qual);
    BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(s->qual_blk, qual);
    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

static int cram_add_quality(cram_fd *fd, cram_container *c,
			    cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
			    int pos, char qual) {
    cram_feature f;
    f.Q.pos = pos+1;
    f.Q.code = 'Q';
    f.Q.qual = qual;
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_QS], qual);
    BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(s->qual_blk, qual);
    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

static int cram_add_deletion(cram_container *c, cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
			     int pos, int len, char *base) {
    cram_feature f;
    f.D.pos = pos+1;
    f.D.code = 'D';
    f.D.len = len;
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_DL], len);
    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

static int cram_add_softclip(cram_container *c, cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
			     int pos, int len, char *base, int version) {
    cram_feature f;
    f.S.pos = pos+1;
    f.S.code = 'S';
    f.S.len = len;
    switch (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(version)) {
    case 1:
	f.S.seq_idx = BLOCK_SIZE(s->base_blk);
	BLOCK_APPEND(s->base_blk, base, len);
	BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(s->base_blk, '\0');
	break;

    case 2:
    default:
	f.S.seq_idx = BLOCK_SIZE(s->soft_blk);
	if (base) {
	    BLOCK_APPEND(s->soft_blk, base, len);
	} else {
	    int i;
	    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
		BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(s->soft_blk, 'N');
	}
	BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(s->soft_blk, '\0');
	break;

//    default:
//	// v3.0 onwards uses BB data-series
//	f.S.seq_idx = BLOCK_SIZE(s->soft_blk);
    }
    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

static int cram_add_hardclip(cram_container *c, cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
			     int pos, int len, char *base) {
    cram_feature f;
    f.S.pos = pos+1;
    f.S.code = 'H';
    f.S.len = len;
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_HC], len);
    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

static int cram_add_skip(cram_container *c, cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
			     int pos, int len, char *base) {
    cram_feature f;
    f.S.pos = pos+1;
    f.S.code = 'N';
    f.S.len = len;
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_RS], len);
    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

static int cram_add_pad(cram_container *c, cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
			     int pos, int len, char *base) {
    cram_feature f;
    f.S.pos = pos+1;
    f.S.code = 'P';
    f.S.len = len;
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_PD], len);
    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

static int cram_add_insertion(cram_container *c, cram_slice *s, cram_record *r,
			      int pos, int len, char *base) {
    cram_feature f;
    f.I.pos = pos+1;
    if (len == 1) {
	char b = base ? *base : 'N';
	f.i.code = 'i';
	f.i.base = b;
	cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_BA], b);
    } else {
	f.I.code = 'I';
	f.I.len = len;
	f.S.seq_idx = BLOCK_SIZE(s->base_blk);
	if (base) {
	    BLOCK_APPEND(s->base_blk, base, len);
	} else {
	    int i;
	    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
		BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(s->base_blk, 'N');
	}
	BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(s->base_blk, '\0');
    }
    return cram_add_feature(c, s, r, &f);
}

/*
 * Encodes auxiliary data.
 * Returns the read-group parsed out of the BAM aux fields on success
 *         NULL on failure or no rg present (FIXME)
 */
static char *cram_encode_aux_1_0(cram_fd *fd, bam_seq_t *b, cram_container *c,
				 cram_slice *s, cram_record *cr) {
    char *aux, *tmp, *rg = NULL;
    int aux_size = bam_blk_size(b) -
	((char *)bam_aux(b) - (char *)&bam_ref(b));
	
    /* Worst case is 1 nul char on every ??:Z: string, so +33% */
    BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
    tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_blk);

    aux = (char *)bam_aux(b);
    cr->TN_idx = s->nTN;

    while (aux[0] != 0) {
	int32_t i32;
	int r;

	if (aux[0] == 'R' && aux[1] == 'G' && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    rg = &aux[3];
	    while (*aux++);
	    continue;
	}
	if (aux[0] == 'M' && aux[1] == 'D' && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    while (*aux++);
	    continue;
	}
	if (aux[0] == 'N' && aux[1] == 'M') {
	    switch(aux[2]) {
	    case 'A': case 'C': case 'c': aux+=4; break;
	    case 'I': case 'i': case 'f': aux+=7; break;
	    default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unhandled type code for NM tag\n");
		return NULL;
	    }
	    continue;
	}

	cr->ntags++;

	i32 = (aux[0]<<16) | (aux[1]<<8) | aux[2];
	kh_put(s_i2i, c->tags_used, i32, &r);
	if (-1 == r)
	    return NULL;

	if (s->nTN >= s->aTN) {
	    s->aTN = s->aTN ? s->aTN*2 : 1024;
	    if (!(s->TN = realloc(s->TN, s->aTN * sizeof(*s->TN))))
		return NULL;
	}
	s->TN[s->nTN++] = i32;
	cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_TN], i32);

	switch(aux[2]) {
	case 'A': case 'C': case 'c':
	    aux+=3; //*tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    *tmp++=*aux++;
	    break;

	case 'S': case 's':
	    aux+=3; //*tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    break;

	case 'I': case 'i': case 'f':
	    aux+=3; //*tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    break;

	case 'd':
	    aux+=3; //*tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    break;

	case 'Z': case 'H':
	    aux+=3; //*tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    while ((*tmp++=*aux++));
	    *tmp++ = '\t'; // stop byte
	    break;

	case 'B': {
	    int type = aux[3], blen;
	    uint32_t count = (uint32_t)((((unsigned char *)aux)[4]<< 0) +
					(((unsigned char *)aux)[5]<< 8) +
					(((unsigned char *)aux)[6]<<16) +
					(((unsigned char *)aux)[7]<<24));
	    // skip TN field
	    aux+=3; //*tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;

	    // We use BYTE_ARRAY_LEN with external length, so store that first
	    switch (type) {
	    case 'c': case 'C':
		blen = count;
		break;
	    case 's': case 'S':
		blen = 2*count;
		break;
	    case 'i': case 'I': case 'f':
		blen = 4*count;
		break;
	    default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unknown sub-type '%c' for aux type 'B'\n",
			type);
		return NULL;
		    
	    }

	    tmp += itf8_put(tmp, blen+5);

	    *tmp++=*aux++; // sub-type & length
	    *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;

	    // The tag data itself
	    memcpy(tmp, aux, blen); tmp += blen; aux += blen;

	    //cram_stats_add(c->aux_B_stats, blen);
	    break;
	}
	default:
	    fprintf(stderr, "Unknown aux type '%c'\n", aux[2]);
	    return NULL;
	}
    }
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_TC], cr->ntags);

    cr->aux = BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_blk);
    cr->aux_size = (uc *)tmp - (BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_blk) + cr->aux);
    BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_blk) = (uc *)tmp - BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_blk);
    assert(s->aux_blk->byte <= s->aux_blk->alloc);

    return rg;
}

/*
 * Encodes auxiliary data. Largely duplicated from above, but done so to
 * keep it simple and avoid a myriad of version ifs.
 *
 * Returns the read-group parsed out of the BAM aux fields on success
 *         NULL on failure or no rg present (FIXME)
 */
static char *cram_encode_aux(cram_fd *fd, bam_seq_t *b, cram_container *c,
			     cram_slice *s, cram_record *cr) {
    char *aux, *orig, *tmp, *rg = NULL;
    int aux_size = bam_get_l_aux(b);
    cram_block *td_b = c->comp_hdr->TD_blk;
    int TD_blk_size = BLOCK_SIZE(td_b), new;
    char *key;
    khint_t k;


    /* Worst case is 1 nul char on every ??:Z: string, so +33% */
    BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
    tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_blk);


    orig = aux = (char *)bam_aux(b);

    // Copy aux keys to td_b and aux values to s->aux_blk
    while (aux - orig < aux_size && aux[0] != 0) {
	uint32_t i32;
	int r;

	if (aux[0] == 'R' && aux[1] == 'G' && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    rg = &aux[3];
	    while (*aux++);
	    continue;
	}
	if (aux[0] == 'M' && aux[1] == 'D' && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    while (*aux++);
	    continue;
	}
	if (aux[0] == 'N' && aux[1] == 'M') {
	    switch(aux[2]) {
	    case 'A': case 'C': case 'c': aux+=4; break;
	    case 'S': case 's':           aux+=5; break;
	    case 'I': case 'i': case 'f': aux+=7; break;
	    default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unhandled type code for NM tag\n");
		return NULL;
	    }
	    continue;
	}

	BLOCK_APPEND(td_b, aux, 3);

	i32 = (aux[0]<<16) | (aux[1]<<8) | aux[2];
	kh_put(s_i2i, c->tags_used, i32, &r);
	if (-1 == r)
	    return NULL;

	// BQ:Z
	if (aux[0] == 'B' && aux[1] == 'Q' && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    char *tmp;
	    if (!s->aux_BQ_blk)
		if (!(s->aux_BQ_blk = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, DS_aux_BQ)))
		    return NULL;
	    BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_BQ_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
	    tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_BQ_blk);
	    aux += 3;
	    while ((*tmp++=*aux++));
	    *tmp++ = '\t';
	    BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_BQ_blk) = (uc *)tmp - BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_BQ_blk);
	    continue;
	}

	// BD:Z
	if (aux[0] == 'B' && aux[1]=='D' && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    char *tmp;
	    if (!s->aux_BD_blk)
		if (!(s->aux_BD_blk = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, DS_aux_BD)))
		    return NULL;
	    BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_BD_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
	    tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_BD_blk);
	    aux += 3;
	    while ((*tmp++=*aux++));
	    *tmp++ = '\t';
	    BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_BD_blk) = (uc *)tmp - BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_BD_blk);
	    continue;
	}

	// BI:Z
	if (aux[0] == 'B' && aux[1]=='I' && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    char *tmp;
	    if (!s->aux_BI_blk)
		if (!(s->aux_BI_blk = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, DS_aux_BI)))
		    return NULL;
	    BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_BI_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
	    tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_BI_blk);
	    aux += 3;
	    while ((*tmp++=*aux++));
	    *tmp++ = '\t';
	    BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_BI_blk) = (uc *)tmp - BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_BI_blk);
	    continue;
	}

	// OQ:Z:
	if (aux[0] == 'O' && aux[1] == 'Q' && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    char *tmp;
	    if (!s->aux_OQ_blk)
		if (!(s->aux_OQ_blk = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, DS_aux_OQ)))
		    return NULL;
	    BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_OQ_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
	    tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_OQ_blk);
	    aux += 3;
	    while ((*tmp++=*aux++));
	    *tmp++ = '\t';
	    BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_OQ_blk) = (uc *)tmp - BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_OQ_blk);
	    continue;
	}

	// FZ:B or ZM:B
	if ((aux[0] == 'F' && aux[1] == 'Z' && aux[2] == 'B') ||
	    (aux[0] == 'Z' && aux[1] == 'M' && aux[2] == 'B')) {
	    int type = aux[3], blen;
	    uint32_t count = (uint32_t)((((unsigned char *)aux)[4]<< 0) +
					(((unsigned char *)aux)[5]<< 8) +
					(((unsigned char *)aux)[6]<<16) +
					(((unsigned char *)aux)[7]<<24));
	    char *tmp;
	    if (!s->aux_FZ_blk)
		if (!(s->aux_FZ_blk = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, DS_aux_FZ)))
		    return NULL;
	    BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_FZ_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
	    tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_FZ_blk);

	    // skip TN field
	    aux+=3;

	    // We use BYTE_ARRAY_LEN with external length, so store that first
	    switch (type) {
	    case 'c': case 'C':
		blen = count;
		break;
	    case 's': case 'S':
		blen = 2*count;
		break;
	    case 'i': case 'I': case 'f':
		blen = 4*count;
		break;
	    default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unknown sub-type '%c' for aux type 'B'\n",
			type);
		return NULL;
		    
	    }

	    blen += 5; // sub-type & length
	    tmp += itf8_put(tmp, blen);

	    // The tag data itself
	    memcpy(tmp, aux, blen); tmp += blen; aux += blen;

	    BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_FZ_blk) = (uc *)tmp - BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_FZ_blk);
	    continue;
	}

	// Other quality data - {Q2,E2,U2,CQ}:Z and similar
	if (((aux[0] == 'Q' && aux[1] == '2') ||
	     (aux[0] == 'U' && aux[1] == '2') ||
	     (aux[0] == 'Q' && aux[1] == 'T') ||
	     (aux[0] == 'C' && aux[1] == 'Q')) && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    char *tmp;
	    if (!s->aux_oq_blk)
		if (!(s->aux_oq_blk = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, DS_aux_oq)))
		    return NULL;
	    BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_oq_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
	    tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_oq_blk);
	    aux += 3;
	    while ((*tmp++=*aux++));
	    *tmp++ = '\t';
	    BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_oq_blk) = (uc *)tmp - BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_oq_blk);
	    continue;
	}

	// Other sequence data - {R2,E2,CS,BC,RT}:Z and similar
	if (((aux[0] == 'R' && aux[1] == '2') ||
	     (aux[0] == 'E' && aux[1] == '2') ||
	     (aux[0] == 'C' && aux[1] == 'S') ||
	     (aux[0] == 'B' && aux[1] == 'C') ||
	     (aux[0] == 'R' && aux[1] == 'T')) && aux[2] == 'Z') {
	    char *tmp;
	    if (!s->aux_os_blk)
		if (!(s->aux_os_blk = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, DS_aux_os)))
		    return NULL;
	    BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_os_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
	    tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_os_blk);
	    aux += 3;
	    while ((*tmp++=*aux++));
	    *tmp++ = '\t';
	    BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_os_blk) = (uc *)tmp - BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_os_blk);
	    continue;
	}


	switch(aux[2]) {
	case 'A': case 'C': case 'c':
	    aux+=3;
	    *tmp++=*aux++;
	    break;

	case 'S': case 's':
	    aux+=3;
	    *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    break;

	case 'I': case 'i': case 'f':
	    aux+=3;
	    *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    break;

	case 'd':
	    aux+=3; //*tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++; *tmp++=*aux++;
	    break;

	case 'Z': case 'H':
	    {
		char *tmp;
		if (!s->aux_oz_blk)
		    if (!(s->aux_oz_blk = cram_new_block(EXTERNAL, DS_aux_oz)))
			return NULL;
		BLOCK_GROW(s->aux_oz_blk, aux_size*1.34+1);
		tmp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->aux_oz_blk);
		aux += 3;
		while ((*tmp++=*aux++));
		*tmp++ = '\t';
		BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_oz_blk) = (uc *)tmp -
		    BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_oz_blk);
	    }
	    break;

	case 'B': {
	    int type = aux[3], blen;
	    uint32_t count = (uint32_t)((((unsigned char *)aux)[4]<< 0) +
					(((unsigned char *)aux)[5]<< 8) +
					(((unsigned char *)aux)[6]<<16) +
					(((unsigned char *)aux)[7]<<24));
	    // skip TN field
	    aux+=3;

	    // We use BYTE_ARRAY_LEN with external length, so store that first
	    switch (type) {
	    case 'c': case 'C':
		blen = count;
		break;
	    case 's': case 'S':
		blen = 2*count;
		break;
	    case 'i': case 'I': case 'f':
		blen = 4*count;
		break;
	    default:
		fprintf(stderr, "Unknown sub-type '%c' for aux type 'B'\n",
			type);
		return NULL;
		    
	    }

	    blen += 5; // sub-type & length
	    tmp += itf8_put(tmp, blen);

	    // The tag data itself
	    memcpy(tmp, aux, blen); tmp += blen; aux += blen;

	    //cram_stats_add(c->aux_B_stats, blen);
	    break;
	}
	default:
	    fprintf(stderr, "Unknown aux type '%c'\n", aux[2]);
	    return NULL;
	}
    }

    // FIXME: sort BLOCK_DATA(td_b) by char[3] triples
    
    // And and increment TD hash entry
    BLOCK_APPEND_CHAR(td_b, 0);

    // Duplicate key as BLOCK_DATA() can be realloced to a new pointer.
    key = string_ndup(c->comp_hdr->TD_keys, 
		      (char *)BLOCK_DATA(td_b) + TD_blk_size,
		      BLOCK_SIZE(td_b) - TD_blk_size);
    k = kh_put(m_s2i, c->comp_hdr->TD_hash, key, &new);
    if (new < 0) {
	return NULL;
    } else if (new == 0) {
	BLOCK_SIZE(td_b) = TD_blk_size;
    } else {
	kh_val(c->comp_hdr->TD_hash, k) = c->comp_hdr->nTL;
	c->comp_hdr->nTL++;
    }

    cr->TL = kh_val(c->comp_hdr->TD_hash, k);
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_TL], cr->TL);

    cr->aux = BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_blk);
    cr->aux_size = (uc *)tmp - (BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_blk) + cr->aux);
    BLOCK_SIZE(s->aux_blk) = (uc *)tmp - BLOCK_DATA(s->aux_blk);
    assert(s->aux_blk->byte <= s->aux_blk->alloc);

    return rg;
}


/*
 * Handles creation of a new container or new slice, flushing any
 * existing containers when appropriate. 
 *
 * Really this is next slice, which may or may not lead to a new container.
 *
 * Returns cram_container pointer on success
 *         NULL on failure.
 */
static cram_container *cram_next_container(cram_fd *fd, bam_seq_t *b) {
    cram_container *c = fd->ctr;
    cram_slice *s;
    int i;

    /* First occurence */
    if (c->curr_ref == -2)
	c->curr_ref = bam_ref(b);

    if (c->slice) {
	s = c->slice;
	if (c->multi_seq) {
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_id    = -2;
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_start = 0;
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_span  = 0;
	} else {
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_id    = c->curr_ref;
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_start = c->first_base;
	    s->hdr->ref_seq_span  = c->last_base - c->first_base + 1;
	}
	s->hdr->num_records   = c->curr_rec;

	if (c->curr_slice == 0) {
	    if (c->ref_seq_id != s->hdr->ref_seq_id)
		c->ref_seq_id  = s->hdr->ref_seq_id;
	    c->ref_seq_start = c->first_base;
	}

	c->curr_slice++;
    }

    /* Flush container */
    if (c->curr_slice == c->max_slice ||
	(bam_ref(b) != c->curr_ref && !c->multi_seq)) {
	c->ref_seq_span = fd->last_base - c->ref_seq_start + 1;
	if (fd->verbose)
	    fprintf(stderr, "Flush container %d/%d..%d\n",
		    c->ref_seq_id, c->ref_seq_start,
		    c->ref_seq_start + c->ref_seq_span -1);

	/* Encode slices */
	if (fd->pool) {
	    if (-1 == cram_flush_container_mt(fd, c))
		return NULL;
	} else {
	    if (-1 == cram_flush_container(fd, c))
		return NULL;

	    // Move to sep func, as we need cram_flush_container for
	    // the closing phase to flush the partial container.
	    for (i = 0; i < c->max_slice; i++) {
		cram_free_slice(c->slices[i]);
		c->slices[i] = NULL;
	    }

	    c->slice = NULL;
	    c->curr_slice = 0;

	    /* Easy approach for purposes of freeing stats */
	    cram_free_container(c);
	}

	c = fd->ctr = cram_new_container(fd->seqs_per_slice,
					 fd->slices_per_container);
	if (!c)
	    return NULL;
	c->record_counter = fd->record_counter;
	c->curr_ref = bam_ref(b);
    }

    c->last_pos = c->first_base = c->last_base = bam_pos(b)+1;

    /* New slice */
    c->slice = c->slices[c->curr_slice] =
	cram_new_slice(MAPPED_SLICE, c->max_rec);
    if (!c->slice)
	return NULL;

    if (c->multi_seq) {
	c->slice->hdr->ref_seq_id = -2;
	c->slice->hdr->ref_seq_start = 0;
	c->slice->last_apos = 1;
    } else {
	c->slice->hdr->ref_seq_id = bam_ref(b);
	// wrong for unsorted data, will fix during encoding.
	c->slice->hdr->ref_seq_start = bam_pos(b)+1;
	c->slice->last_apos = bam_pos(b)+1;
    }

    c->curr_rec = 0;

    return c;
}

/*
 * Converts a single bam record into a cram record.
 * Possibly used within a thread.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success;
 *        -1 on failure
 */
static int process_one_read(cram_fd *fd, cram_container *c,
			    cram_slice *s, cram_record *cr,
			    bam_seq_t *b, int rnum) {
    int i, fake_qual = -1;
    char *cp, *rg;
    char *ref, *seq, *qual;

    // FIXME: multi-ref containers

    ref = c->ref;
    cr->len         = bam_seq_len(b); cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_RL], cr->len);

    //fprintf(stderr, "%s => %d\n", rg ? rg : "\"\"", cr->rg);

    // Fields to resolve later
    //cr->mate_line;    // index to another cram_record
    //cr->mate_flags;   // MF
    //cr->ntags;        // TC
    cr->ntags      = 0; //cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_TC], cr->ntags);
    if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 1)
	rg = cram_encode_aux_1_0(fd, b, c, s, cr);
    else
	rg = cram_encode_aux(fd, b, c, s, cr);

    //cr->aux_size = b->blk_size - ((char *)bam_aux(b) - (char *)&bam_ref(b));
    //cr->aux = DSTRING_LEN(s->aux_ds);
    //dstring_nappend(s->aux_ds, bam_aux(b), cr->aux_size);

    /* Read group, identified earlier */
    if (rg) {
	SAM_RG *brg = sam_hdr_find_rg(fd->header, rg);
	cr->rg = brg ? brg->id : -1;
    } else if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 1) {
	SAM_RG *brg = sam_hdr_find_rg(fd->header, "UNKNOWN");
	assert(brg);
    } else {
	cr->rg = -1;
    }
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_RG], cr->rg);

    
    cr->ref_id      = bam_ref(b);  cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_RI], cr->ref_id);
    cr->flags       = bam_flag(b);
    if (bam_cigar_len(b) == 0)
	cr->flags |= BAM_FUNMAP;
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_BF], fd->cram_flag_swap[cr->flags & 0xfff]);

    // Non reference based encoding means storing the bases verbatim as features, which in
    // turn means every base also has a quality already stored.
    if (!fd->no_ref || CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) >= 3)
	cr->cram_flags = CRAM_FLAG_PRESERVE_QUAL_SCORES;
    else
	cr->cram_flags = 0;
    //cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_CF], cr->cram_flags);

    c->num_bases   += cr->len;
    cr->apos        = bam_pos(b)+1;
    if (c->pos_sorted) {
	if (cr->apos < s->last_apos) {
	    c->pos_sorted = 0;
	} else {
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_AP], cr->apos - s->last_apos);
	    s->last_apos = cr->apos;
	}
    } else {
	//cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_AP], cr->apos);
    }
    c->max_apos += (cr->apos > c->max_apos) * (cr->apos - c->max_apos);

    cr->name        = BLOCK_SIZE(s->name_blk);
    cr->name_len    = bam_name_len(b);
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_RN], cr->name_len);

    BLOCK_APPEND(s->name_blk, bam_name(b), bam_name_len(b));


    /*
     * This seqs_ds is largely pointless and it could reuse the same memory
     * over and over.
     * s->base_blk is what we need for encoding.
     */
    cr->seq         = BLOCK_SIZE(s->seqs_blk);
    cr->qual        = BLOCK_SIZE(s->qual_blk);
    BLOCK_GROW(s->seqs_blk, cr->len+1);
    BLOCK_GROW(s->qual_blk, cr->len);
    seq = cp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->seqs_blk);

    *seq = 0;
#ifdef ALLOW_UAC
    {
	// Convert seq 2 bases at a time for speed.
	static const uint16_t code2base[256] = {
	    15677, 16701, 17213, 19773, 18237, 21053, 21309, 22077,
	    21565, 22333, 22845, 18493, 19261, 17469, 16957, 20029,
	    15681, 16705, 17217, 19777, 18241, 21057, 21313, 22081,
	    21569, 22337, 22849, 18497, 19265, 17473, 16961, 20033,
	    15683, 16707, 17219, 19779, 18243, 21059, 21315, 22083,
	    21571, 22339, 22851, 18499, 19267, 17475, 16963, 20035,
	    15693, 16717, 17229, 19789, 18253, 21069, 21325, 22093,
	    21581, 22349, 22861, 18509, 19277, 17485, 16973, 20045,
	    15687, 16711, 17223, 19783, 18247, 21063, 21319, 22087,
	    21575, 22343, 22855, 18503, 19271, 17479, 16967, 20039,
	    15698, 16722, 17234, 19794, 18258, 21074, 21330, 22098,
	    21586, 22354, 22866, 18514, 19282, 17490, 16978, 20050,
	    15699, 16723, 17235, 19795, 18259, 21075, 21331, 22099,
	    21587, 22355, 22867, 18515, 19283, 17491, 16979, 20051,
	    15702, 16726, 17238, 19798, 18262, 21078, 21334, 22102,
	    21590, 22358, 22870, 18518, 19286, 17494, 16982, 20054,
	    15700, 16724, 17236, 19796, 18260, 21076, 21332, 22100,
	    21588, 22356, 22868, 18516, 19284, 17492, 16980, 20052,
	    15703, 16727, 17239, 19799, 18263, 21079, 21335, 22103,
	    21591, 22359, 22871, 18519, 19287, 17495, 16983, 20055,
	    15705, 16729, 17241, 19801, 18265, 21081, 21337, 22105,
	    21593, 22361, 22873, 18521, 19289, 17497, 16985, 20057,
	    15688, 16712, 17224, 19784, 18248, 21064, 21320, 22088,
	    21576, 22344, 22856, 18504, 19272, 17480, 16968, 20040,
	    15691, 16715, 17227, 19787, 18251, 21067, 21323, 22091,
	    21579, 22347, 22859, 18507, 19275, 17483, 16971, 20043,
	    15684, 16708, 17220, 19780, 18244, 21060, 21316, 22084,
	    21572, 22340, 22852, 18500, 19268, 17476, 16964, 20036,
	    15682, 16706, 17218, 19778, 18242, 21058, 21314, 22082,
	    21570, 22338, 22850, 18498, 19266, 17474, 16962, 20034,
	    15694, 16718, 17230, 19790, 18254, 21070, 21326, 22094,
	    21582, 22350, 22862, 18510, 19278, 17486, 16974, 20046
	};

	int l2 = cr->len / 2;
	unsigned char *from = (unsigned char *)bam_seq(b);
	uint16_t *cpi = (uint16_t *)cp;
	cp[0] = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < l2; i++)
	    cpi[i] = le_int2(code2base[from[i]]);
	if ((i *= 2) < cr->len)
	    cp[i] = seq_nt16_str[bam_seqi(bam_seq(b), i)];
    }
#else
    for (i = 0; i < cr->len; i++)
	cp[i] = seq_nt16_str[bam_seqi(bam_seq(b), i)];
#endif
    BLOCK_SIZE(s->seqs_blk) += cr->len;

    qual = cp = (char *)bam_qual(b);

    /* Copy and parse */
    if (!(cr->flags & BAM_FUNMAP)) {
	int32_t *cig_to, *cig_from;
	int apos = cr->apos-1, spos = 0;

	cr->cigar       = s->ncigar;
	cr->ncigar      = bam_cigar_len(b);
	while (cr->cigar + cr->ncigar >= s->cigar_alloc) {
	    s->cigar_alloc = s->cigar_alloc ? s->cigar_alloc*2 : 1024;
	    s->cigar = realloc(s->cigar, s->cigar_alloc * sizeof(*s->cigar));
	    if (!s->cigar)
		return -1;
	}

	cig_to = (int32_t *)s->cigar;
	cig_from = (int32_t *)bam_cigar(b);

	cr->feature = 0;
	cr->nfeature = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < cr->ncigar; i++) {
	    enum cigar_op cig_op = cig_from[i] & BAM_CIGAR_MASK;
	    int cig_len = cig_from[i] >> BAM_CIGAR_SHIFT;
	    cig_to[i] = cig_from[i];

	    /* Can also generate events from here for CRAM diffs */

	    switch (cig_op) {
		int l;

		// Don't trust = and X ops to be correct.
	    case BAM_CMATCH:
	    case BAM_CBASE_MATCH:
	    case BAM_CBASE_MISMATCH:
		//fprintf(stderr, "\nBAM_CMATCH\nR: %.*s\nS: %.*s\n",
		//	cig_len, &ref[apos], cig_len, &seq[spos]);
		l = 0;
		if (!fd->no_ref && cr->len) {
		    int end = cig_len+apos < c->ref_end
			? cig_len : c->ref_end - apos;
		    char *sp = &seq[spos];
		    char *rp = &ref[apos];
		    char *qp = &qual[spos];
		    for (l = 0; l < end; l++) {
			if (rp[l] != sp[l]) {
			    if (!sp[l])
				break;
			    if (0 && CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) >= 3) {
				// Disabled for the time being as it doesn't
				// seem to gain us much.
				int ol=l;
				while (l<end && rp[l] != sp[l])
				    l++;
				if (l-ol > 1) {
				    if (cram_add_bases(fd, c, s, cr, spos+ol,
						       l-ol, &seq[spos+ol]))
					return -1;
				    l--;
				} else {
				    l = ol;
				    if (cram_add_substitution(fd, c, s, cr,
							      spos+l, sp[l],
							      qp[l], rp[l]))
					return -1;
				}
			    } else {
				if (cram_add_substitution(fd, c, s, cr, spos+l,
							  sp[l], qp[l], rp[l]))
				    return -1;
			    }
			}
		    }
		    spos += l;
		    apos += l;
		}

		if (l < cig_len && cr->len) {
		    if (fd->no_ref) {
			if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 3) {
			    if (cram_add_bases(fd, c, s, cr, spos,
					       cig_len-l, &seq[spos]))
				return -1;
			    spos += cig_len-l;
			} else {
			    for (; l < cig_len && seq[spos]; l++, spos++) {
				if (cram_add_base(fd, c, s, cr, spos,
						  seq[spos], qual[spos]))
				    return -1;
			    }
			}
		    } else {
			/* off end of sequence or non-ref based output */
			for (; l < cig_len && seq[spos]; l++, spos++) {
			    if (cram_add_base(fd, c, s, cr, spos,
					      seq[spos], qual[spos]))
				return -1;
			}
		    }
		    apos += cig_len;
		} else if (!cr->len) {
		    /* Seq "*" */
		    apos += cig_len;
		    spos += cig_len;
		}
		break;
		
	    case BAM_CDEL:
		if (cram_add_deletion(c, s, cr, spos, cig_len, &seq[spos]))
		    return -1;
		apos += cig_len;
		break;

	    case BAM_CREF_SKIP:
		if (cram_add_skip(c, s, cr, spos, cig_len, &seq[spos]))
		    return -1;
		apos += cig_len;
		break;

	    case BAM_CINS:
		if (cram_add_insertion(c, s, cr, spos, cig_len,
				       cr->len ? &seq[spos] : NULL))
		    return -1;
		if (fd->no_ref && cr->len) {
		    for (l = 0; l < cig_len; l++, spos++) {
			cram_add_quality(fd, c, s, cr, spos, qual[spos]);
		    }
		} else {
		    spos += cig_len;
		}
		break;

	    case BAM_CSOFT_CLIP:
		if (cram_add_softclip(c, s, cr, spos, cig_len,
				      cr->len ? &seq[spos] : NULL,
				      fd->version))
		    return -1;
		if (fd->no_ref &&
		    !(cr->cram_flags & CRAM_FLAG_PRESERVE_QUAL_SCORES)) {
		    if (cr->len) {
			for (l = 0; l < cig_len; l++, spos++) {
			    cram_add_quality(fd, c, s, cr, spos, qual[spos]);
			}
		    } else {
			for (l = 0; l < cig_len; l++, spos++) {
			    cram_add_quality(fd, c, s, cr, spos, -1);
			}
		    }
		} else {
		    spos += cig_len;
		}
		break;

	    case BAM_CHARD_CLIP:
		if (cram_add_hardclip(c, s, cr, spos, cig_len, &seq[spos]))
		    return -1;
		break;
	
	    case BAM_CPAD:
		if (cram_add_pad(c, s, cr, spos, cig_len, &seq[spos]))
		    return -1;
		break;
	    }
	}
	fake_qual = spos;
	cr->aend = MIN(apos, c->ref_end);
	cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_FN], cr->nfeature);
    } else {
	// Unmapped
	cr->cram_flags |= CRAM_FLAG_PRESERVE_QUAL_SCORES;
	cr->cigar  = 0;
	cr->ncigar = 0;
	cr->nfeature = 0;
	cr->aend = cr->apos;
	for (i = 0; i < cr->len; i++)
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_BA], seq[i]);
    }

    /*
     * Append to the qual block now. We do this here as
     * cram_add_substitution() can generate BA/QS events which need to 
     * be in the qual block before we append the rest of the data.
     */
    if (cr->cram_flags & CRAM_FLAG_PRESERVE_QUAL_SCORES) {
	/* Special case of seq "*" */
	if (cr->len == 0) {
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_RL], cr->len = fake_qual);
	    BLOCK_GROW(s->qual_blk, cr->len);
	    cp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->qual_blk);
	    memset(cp, 255, cr->len);
	} else {
	    BLOCK_GROW(s->qual_blk, cr->len);
	    cp = (char *)BLOCK_END(s->qual_blk);
	    char *from = (char *)&bam_qual(b)[0];
	    char *to = &cp[0];
	    memcpy(to, from, cr->len);
	    //for (i = 0; i < cr->len; i++) cp[i] = from[i];
	}
	BLOCK_SIZE(s->qual_blk) += cr->len;
    } else {
	if (cr->len == 0) {
	    cr->len = fake_qual >= 0 ? fake_qual : cr->aend - cr->apos + 1;
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_RL], cr->len);
	}
    }

    /* Now we know apos and aend both, update mate-pair information */
    {
	int new;
	khint_t k;
	int sec = (cr->flags & BAM_FSECONDARY) ? 1 : 0;

	//fprintf(stderr, "Checking %"PRId64"/%.*s\t", rnum,
	//	cr->name_len, DSTRING_STR(s->name_ds)+cr->name);
	if (cr->flags & BAM_FPAIRED) {
	    char *key = string_ndup(s->pair_keys,
				    (char *)BLOCK_DATA(s->name_blk)+cr->name,
				    cr->name_len);
	    if (!key)
		return -1;

	    k = kh_put(m_s2i, s->pair[sec], key, &new);
	    if (-1 == new)
		return -1;
	    else if (new > 0)
		kh_val(s->pair[sec], k) = rnum;
	} else {
	    new = 1;
	}

	if (new == 0) {
	    cram_record *p = &s->crecs[kh_val(s->pair[sec], k)];
	    int aleft, aright, sign;

	    aleft = MIN(cr->apos, p->apos);
	    aright = MAX(cr->aend, p->aend);
	    if (cr->apos < p->apos) {
		sign = 1;
	    } else if (cr->apos > p->apos) {
		sign = -1;
	    } else if (cr->flags & BAM_FREAD1) {
		sign = 1;
	    } else {
		sign = -1;
	    }
	    
	    //fprintf(stderr, "paired %"PRId64"\n", kh_val(s->pair[sec], k));

	    // This vs p: tlen, matepos, flags
	    if (bam_ins_size(b) != sign*(aright-aleft+1))
		goto detached;

	    if (MAX(bam_mate_pos(b)+1, 0) != p->apos)
		goto detached;

	    if (((bam_flag(b) & BAM_FMUNMAP) != 0) !=
		((p->flags & BAM_FUNMAP) != 0))
		goto detached;

	    if (((bam_flag(b) & BAM_FMREVERSE) != 0) !=
		((p->flags & BAM_FREVERSE) != 0))
		goto detached;


	    // p vs this: tlen, matepos, flags
	    if (p->tlen != -sign*(aright-aleft+1))
		goto detached;

	    if (p->mate_pos != cr->apos)
		goto detached;

	    if (((p->flags & BAM_FMUNMAP) != 0) !=
		((p->mate_flags & CRAM_M_UNMAP) != 0))
		goto detached;

	    if (((p->flags & BAM_FMREVERSE) != 0) !=
		((p->mate_flags & CRAM_M_REVERSE) != 0))
		goto detached;

	    // Supplementary reads are just too ill defined
	    if ((cr->flags & BAM_FSUPPLEMENTARY) ||
		(p->flags & BAM_FSUPPLEMENTARY))
		goto detached;

	    /*
	     * The fields below are unused when encoding this read as it is
	     * no longer detached.  In theory they may get referred to when
	     * processing a 3rd or 4th read in this template?, so we set them
	     * here just to be sure.
	     *
	     * They do not need cram_stats_add() calls those as they are
	     * not emitted.
	     */
	    cr->mate_pos = p->apos;
	    cr->tlen = sign*(aright-aleft+1);
	    cr->mate_flags =
	    	((p->flags & BAM_FMUNMAP)   == BAM_FMUNMAP)   * CRAM_M_UNMAP +
	    	((p->flags & BAM_FMREVERSE) == BAM_FMREVERSE) * CRAM_M_REVERSE;

	    // Decrement statistics aggregated earlier
	    cram_stats_del(c->stats[DS_NP], p->mate_pos);
	    cram_stats_del(c->stats[DS_MF], p->mate_flags);
	    cram_stats_del(c->stats[DS_TS], p->tlen);
	    cram_stats_del(c->stats[DS_NS], p->mate_ref_id);

	    /* Similarly we could correct the p-> values too, but these will no
	     * longer have any code that refers back to them as the new 'p'
	     * for this template is our current 'cr'.
	     */
	    //p->mate_pos = cr->apos;
	    //p->mate_flags =
	    //	((cr->flags & BAM_FMUNMAP)   == BAM_FMUNMAP)  * CRAM_M_UNMAP +
	    //	((cr->flags & BAM_FMREVERSE) == BAM_FMREVERSE)* CRAM_M_REVERSE;
	    //p->tlen = p->apos - cr->aend;

	    // Clear detached from cr flags
	    cr->cram_flags &= ~CRAM_FLAG_DETACHED;
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_CF], cr->cram_flags);

	    // Clear detached from p flags and set downstream
	    cram_stats_del(c->stats[DS_CF], p->cram_flags);
	    p->cram_flags  &= ~CRAM_FLAG_DETACHED;
	    p->cram_flags  |=  CRAM_FLAG_MATE_DOWNSTREAM;
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_CF], p->cram_flags);

	    p->mate_line = rnum - (kh_val(s->pair[sec], k) + 1);
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_NF], p->mate_line);

	    kh_val(s->pair[sec], k) = rnum;
	} else {
	detached:
	    //fprintf(stderr, "unpaired\n");

	    /* Derive mate flags from this flag */
	    cr->mate_flags = 0;
	    if (bam_flag(b) & BAM_FMUNMAP)
		cr->mate_flags |= CRAM_M_UNMAP;
	    if (bam_flag(b) & BAM_FMREVERSE)
		cr->mate_flags |= CRAM_M_REVERSE;

	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_MF], cr->mate_flags);

	    cr->mate_pos    = MAX(bam_mate_pos(b)+1, 0);
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_NP], cr->mate_pos);

	    cr->tlen        = bam_ins_size(b);
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_TS], cr->tlen);

	    cr->cram_flags |= CRAM_FLAG_DETACHED;
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_CF], cr->cram_flags);
	    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_NS], bam_mate_ref(b));
	}
    }

    cr->mqual       = bam_map_qual(b);
    cram_stats_add(c->stats[DS_MQ], cr->mqual);

    cr->mate_ref_id = bam_mate_ref(b);

    if (!(bam_flag(b) & BAM_FUNMAP)) {
	if (c->first_base > cr->apos)
	    c->first_base = cr->apos;

	if (c->last_base < cr->aend)
	    c->last_base = cr->aend;
    }

    return 0;
}

/*
 * Write iterator: put BAM format sequences into a CRAM file.
 * We buffer up a containers worth of data at a time.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success
 *        -1 on failure
 */
int cram_put_bam_seq(cram_fd *fd, bam_seq_t *b) {
    cram_container *c;

    if (!fd->ctr) {
	fd->ctr = cram_new_container(fd->seqs_per_slice,
				     fd->slices_per_container);
	if (!fd->ctr)
	    return -1;
	fd->ctr->record_counter = fd->record_counter;
    }
    c = fd->ctr;

    if (!c->slice || c->curr_rec == c->max_rec ||
	(bam_ref(b) != c->curr_ref && c->curr_ref >= -1)) {
	int slice_rec, curr_rec, multi_seq = fd->multi_seq == 1;
	int curr_ref = c->slice ? c->curr_ref : bam_ref(b);


	/*
	 * Start packing slices when we routinely have under 1/4tr full.
	 *
	 * This option isn't available if we choose to embed references
	 * since we can only have one per slice.
	 */
	if (fd->multi_seq == -1 && c->curr_rec < c->max_rec/4+10 &&
	    fd->last_slice && fd->last_slice < c->max_rec/4+10 &&
	    !fd->embed_ref) {
	    if (fd->verbose && !c->multi_seq)
		fprintf(stderr, "Multi-ref enabled for this container\n");
	    multi_seq = 1;
	}

	slice_rec = c->slice_rec;
	curr_rec  = c->curr_rec;

	if (CRAM_MAJOR_VERS(fd->version) == 1 ||
	    c->curr_rec == c->max_rec || fd->multi_seq != 1 || !c->slice) {
	    if (NULL == (c = cram_next_container(fd, b))) {
		if (fd->ctr) {
		    // prevent cram_close attempting to flush
		    cram_free_container(fd->ctr);
		    fd->ctr = NULL;
		}
		return -1;
	    }
	}

	/*
	 * Due to our processing order, some things we've already done we
	 * cannot easily undo. So when we first notice we should be packing
	 * multiple sequences per container we emit the small partial
	 * container as-is and then start a fresh one in a different mode.
	 */
	if (multi_seq) {
	    fd->multi_seq = 1;
	    c->multi_seq = 1;
	    c->pos_sorted = 0; // required atm for multi_seq slices

	    if (!c->refs_used) {
		pthread_mutex_lock(&fd->ref_lock);
		c->refs_used = calloc(fd->refs->nref, sizeof(int));
		pthread_mutex_unlock(&fd->ref_lock);
		if (!c->refs_used)
		    return -1;
	    }
	}

	fd->last_slice = curr_rec - slice_rec;
	c->slice_rec = c->curr_rec;

	// Have we seen this reference before?
	if (bam_ref(b) >= 0 && bam_ref(b) != curr_ref && !fd->embed_ref &&
	    !fd->unsorted && multi_seq) {
	    
	    if (!c->refs_used) {
		pthread_mutex_lock(&fd->ref_lock);
		c->refs_used = calloc(fd->refs->nref, sizeof(int));
		pthread_mutex_unlock(&fd->ref_lock);
		if (!c->refs_used)
		    return -1;
	    } else if (c->refs_used && c->refs_used[bam_ref(b)]) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Unsorted mode enabled\n");
		pthread_mutex_lock(&fd->ref_lock);
		fd->unsorted = 1;
		pthread_mutex_unlock(&fd->ref_lock);
		fd->multi_seq = 1;
	    }
	}

	c->curr_ref = bam_ref(b);
	if (c->refs_used && c->curr_ref >= 0) c->refs_used[c->curr_ref]++;
    }

    if (!c->bams) {
	/* First time through, allocate a set of bam pointers */
	pthread_mutex_lock(&fd->bam_list_lock);
	if (fd->bl) {
	    spare_bams *spare = fd->bl;
	    c->bams = spare->bams;
	    fd->bl = spare->next;
	    free(spare);
	} else {
	    c->bams = calloc(c->max_c_rec, sizeof(bam_seq_t *));
	    if (!c->bams)
		return -1;
	}
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&fd->bam_list_lock);
    }

    /* Copy or alloc+copy the bam record, for later encoding */
    if (c->bams[c->curr_c_rec])
	bam_copy1(c->bams[c->curr_c_rec], b);
    else
	c->bams[c->curr_c_rec] = bam_dup(b);

    c->curr_rec++;
    c->curr_c_rec++;
    fd->record_counter++;

    return 0;
}